From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approaches to Internal Displacement: Findings from 15 Countries IDP camp in Nakuru, Rift Valley, Kenya / IDP women start the day by preparing breakfast for their families, collecting water and washing dishes and clothes. This camp hosts 14, 500 people, mainly from the Kikuyu ethnicity, who left their farms following postelection violence at the end of December 2007 and in January 2008. Photo: UNHCR/ H. Caux / 3 May 2008 30
Benchmark 2 Raise National Awareness of the Problem of Displacement Benchmark 2 Raise National Awareness of the Problem of Displacement Does the government (at the highest executive level, for example, that of president or prime minister) acknowledge the existence of internal displacement and its responsibility to address it as a national priority? National authorities have a responsibility to raise awareness of the fact that people are displaced within their territory, that the rights of IDPs should be protected, and that the government itself is taking (or planning to take) measures to address displacement. Whenever displacement has occurred, the Framework for National Responsibility considers acknowledging that fact to be an important first step in responding to the needs of those displaced as well as in working toward solutions to displacement. Statements of concern by high-level government authorities on the existence of IDPs and the government’s commitment to address their plight send a signal to other government officials—at both the national and municipal levels—that this is an important issue that needs to be taken seriously. Equally important is the message that such statements send to IDPs themselves. Too often, IDPs feel abandoned by their governments and invisible. Expressions of awareness and commitment by their governments can reassure them they have not been forgotten; those expressions also can be an important way to counteract the stigma and discrimination that IDPs often experience and instead promote solidarity with them. But a government’s acknowledgment of internal displacement is not necessarily a given. Governments, especially when they themselves are complicit in or condone displacement, may ignore or even outright deny the occurrence of internal displacement. Sometimes, governments will engage in semantic acrobatics, insisting on terms such as “migrant” or “homeless” to avoid the term “internally displaced person” and the notion of 31 involuntary displacement that the term, by definition, conveys. In some cases, only those displaced by the actions of insurgent forces are considered by the authorities to be “IDPs,” while those displaced by the actions of government forces merely have “migrated.” Moreover, raising awareness of internal displacement— particularly when it occurs on a large scale—can have political costs that governments are reluctant to incur. In cases in which the government is anxious to demonstrate to its own population and to the international community that a conflict situation is improving and that it is in control of the situation, drawing attention to large-scale internal displacement may undermine the image that it wishes to project. As discussed below, the governments of Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal have been reluctant at certain points to highlight the fact that their military operations had displaced large numbers of people or that they had been unable to prevent other armed actors from displacing people. When a government is engaged in a conflict and eager to show that it is in control and that the situation is improving, drawing attention to IDPs can be counterproductive. Sometimes, as in the case of Myanmar, to the government does not acknowledge the existence of conflict-induced displacement. At the same time, there are cases in which governments highlight the presence of IDPs as a way of drawing attention to the human consequences of external aggression, as in Georgia, where the government has used the existence of IDPs as evidence of the human harm suffered due to the conflicts concerning Abkhazia and South Ossetia, in which Russia also has played a part. In other cases governments have been reluctant to acknowledge internal displacement, either because it was seen as reflecting poorly on their own policies or because of a reluctance to acknowledge that IDPs have rights. Thus, the United States government resisted referring to those displaced by Hurricane Katrina as IDPs, preferring the terms “homeless” or “evacuees,” 1 1 Chris Kromm and Sue Sturgis, Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: A Global
Page 1 and 2: The Brookings Institution - London
Page 3 and 4: From Responsibility to Response: As
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Acronyms .................
Page 7 and 8: ACRONYMS AIHRC Afghanistan Independ
Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD It is with great pleasure
Page 11 and 12: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Given the large num
Page 13 and 14: It is a central tenet of internatio
Page 15 and 16: legislation relevant to IDPs. Still
Page 17 and 18: amend existing ones, in line with t
Page 19 and 20: Background and Aims of the Study In
Page 21 and 22: displacement persists for several y
Page 23 and 24: operationalizing the responsibiliti
Page 25 and 26: Therefore, it is not surprising tha
Page 27 and 28: Azerbaijani, Chinese, French, Portu
Page 29 and 30: National Initiatives In Iraq, IOM p
Page 31 and 32: of the country. 62 In addition, six
Page 33 and 34: in French and Spanish depending on
Page 35 and 36: serves only to supplant and absolve
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 1 Assessing National Approa
Page 39 and 40: Benchmark 1 Benchmark 1 Prevent Dis
Page 41 and 42: Benchmark 1 Prevent Displacement an
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Page 51 and 52: Benchmark 2 Raise National Awarenes
Page 59 and 60: Conclusion Benchmark 2 Raise Nation
Page 61 and 62: Benchmark 3 Data Collection on Inte
Page 63 and 64: —Current location and location of
Page 65 and 66: its registration rolls intra-urban
Page 67 and 68: and profiling of three types of IDP
Page 69 and 70: the government of Afghanistan under
Page 71 and 72: Benchmark 4 Training on the Rights
Page 73 and 74: actions of DRC authorities and nong
Page 75 and 76: the provision of technical support
Page 77 and 78: Justice, National Cohesion and Cons
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Page 81 and 82: Benchmark 5 Ensure a Legal Framewor
Page 91 and 92: Conclusion Benchmark 5 Ensure a Leg
Page 93 and 94: Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Benchmark 6 Develop a National Poli
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Benchmark 7 Designate an Institutio
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not necessarily influence such chan
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Institutional mandate and responsib
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this body include preparing “stra
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lead state agency may turn to other
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a division of functions being made
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Benchmark 8 Benchmark 8 Support NHR
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Benchmark 8 Support NHRIs to Integr
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Benchmark 9 Facilitate IDPs’ Part
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The process of participation is gen
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Georgia represents an especially in
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about the national policy. 16 Sudan
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and reinforce durable solutions. 27
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was 12 million, or 62 percent of th
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displacement. 52 In the run-up to t
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vote is by no means consistent (for
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Benchmark 10 Establish the Conditio
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Benchmark 11 Allocate Adequate Reso
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also ordered the National Council f
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In Sri Lanka, 16 it is difficult to
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Conclusion As indicated in the intr
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Benchmark 12 Cooperation with Inter
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North Darfur, Sudan/ A woman collec
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CHAPTER 2 Case Studies Georgia, Ken
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Georgia From Solidarity to Solution
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Kenya National Response to Internal
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Afghanistan Internal Displacement i
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Sri Lanka Gaps in the Government Re
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Domestic Financing Foreign financin
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This study seeks to shed light on h
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CHAPTER 3 Translating National Resp
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For each country case study, the ex
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5 6 Ensure a Legal Framework for Up
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9 9 a) Facilitate IDPs’ Participa
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12 Cooperate with International Com
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The Brookings Institution - London
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From Responsibility to Response: Assessing National - Brookings

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