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B. P. Lathi, Zhi Ding - Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems-Oxford University Press (2009)

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APPENDIX E

MISCELLANEOUS

E.1 L'Hopital's Rule

If lim f (x) / g(x) results in the indeterministic form 0/0 or 00/00, then

lim f (x) = lim j (x)

g(x)

g(x)

(E. 1)

E.2 Taylor and Maclaurin Series

(x - a) . (x - a ) 2 ..

f(x) = f(a) + --f(a) + --f(a) + · · ·

1! .

X • x 2 ••

f(x) = f(0) + -f(0) + -f (0) + · · ·

1! 2!

2!

E.3 Power Series

x 2 x 3 x n

e x = 1 +x+ - + - + · · · + - + · · ·

2! 3! n!

x 3 x 5 x

sin x = 7

x - - + - - - + · · ·

3! 5! 7!

x 2 x4 x6 x8

cosx = 1 - - + - - - + - - · · ·

2!

4! 6! 8!

x 3 2x 5 17x 7

tan x = x + - + - + - + .. •

e -x2 1 2 (

3 15 315

1 1 · 3 1 · 3 · 5

7r 2

X 2 < - 4

Q(x) = -- 1 - - + - - ---,-- + .. • )

x$ x 2 x 4

(I + xl = 1 + nx + ---x~ + - ----x + • • • + x + • • • + x"

1 + nx lxl « 1

x 6

n(n - 1) 7 n(n - l)(n - 2) 3

( n ) k

2! 3! k

l 2 3

1 - x

-- = 1 + x + x + x + · · ·

lxl < l

885

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