xelovanis `damaZabunebeli ganaxevreba~ mos<strong>de</strong>vda, mZime sulieri senic daerTo,ramac sabolood ki<strong>de</strong>vac gatexa mwerali. amrigad, Turme, xelovanis tragediasklinikuri motivi `agvirgvinebs~, romlis Suqzedac misi didi Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biTimemkvidreobac metnaklebad `aranormalur~, paTolo<strong>gi</strong>ur movlenad unda Can<strong>de</strong>s.magram sinamdvileSi <strong>mopasani</strong>s tragedia pirvel rigad sakuTriv-Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biTi xasiaTisaa. misi avadmyofoba, Tumca mniSvnelovani, magram maincmeoradi, mxolod gamaZlierebeli faqtori iyo am tragediisa. marTalia,<strong>mopasani</strong> bolom<strong>de</strong> trialebs parizis `maRal~ sazogadoebaSi, magram sulac arasnobizmis gamo; i<strong>gi</strong> sul ufro da ufro mtrobs am sazogadoebas, sadac, misiTqmisamebr, `xelovanni da swavlulni miaCniaT inteleqtualur mojama<strong>gi</strong>reebad,romelTaTvisac RvTisagan dawesebula didkacTa garToba da samsaxuri~, da Tui<strong>gi</strong> mainc ar wyvets masTan kavSirs, mxolod imitom, rom aq sainteresomxatvruli masala eguleba; Tanac am masalis Zieba mas araso<strong>de</strong>sSemoufarglavs mxolod `didkacobis~ yofiT, ram<strong>de</strong>nadac mudam im azrs adga,rom `mwerals marTebs mTeli garemoTi iyos dainteresebuli da taxtTasafexurebTan erTad aRweros samzareuloTa nakleb molipuli safexurebic~. dadasasrul, marTalia, mopasans adridanve dasCemda daeWvebisa da uimedobisganwyobilebani, magram i<strong>gi</strong> arasdros Seupyria, ase vTqvaT, organul, da, miTufro, `totalur~ pesimizms. piriqiT, misi rwmenis simbolos da Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biswyaros Seadgenda adamianis siyvaruli da sicocxlis xalisi, romlisSenarCunebisaTvis i<strong>gi</strong> bolom<strong>de</strong> Seupovrad ibrZoda, da pesimisturisuliskveTeba mas mxolod maSin ipyrobda, roca am brZolaSi misTvisgadaulaxav obieqtur da subieqtur dabrkolebaTa winaSe dgeboda. Tu ram<strong>de</strong>na<strong>de</strong>ucxoveboda <strong>mopasani</strong>s saR arsebas es suliskveTeba, saukeTesod iqidana Cans,rom ukanasknel wlebSi mas swored maTi moZaleba eqca jer Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biTikrizisisa, xolo sabolood sulieri kraxis mTavar mizezad. da <strong>mopasani</strong>stragediis swored am Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biT, — da ara paTolo<strong>gi</strong>ur, — arss Caswvda levtolstoi Cinebulad, ro<strong>de</strong>sac werda: `<strong>mopasani</strong>s cxovrebis tra<strong>gi</strong>zms isSeadgens, rom i<strong>gi</strong>, simaxinjiTa da uzneobiT usaSineles garemoSi moqceuli,Tavisi niWis, Tavis sulSi STaner<strong>gi</strong>li uCveulo sinaTlis ZaliT Tavs aRwevdaam garemocvis msoflmxedvelobaT, ukve miaxlovebuli iyo ganTavisuflebas,sunTqavda ki<strong>de</strong>c TavisuflebiT, magram, ram<strong>de</strong>nadac am brZolaSi ukanaskneliZalebi Semoexarja da erTi saboloo gaZalebis Rone ar eyo, ise daiRupa, romgauTavisuflebeli darCa...~anri rene alber <strong>gi</strong> <strong>de</strong>-<strong>mopasani</strong> daibada 1850 wlis 5 agvistos q. diepismaxloblad, normandiis sanapiroze, sadac ganvlo misma bavSvobam da siyrmem.`me gavizar<strong>de</strong>, — wers i<strong>gi</strong>, — zRvis, CrdiloeTis ruxi da civi zRvis piras,meTevzeTa patara qalaqSi, romelsac gamudmebiT Soltavda qari, wvima datalRis Sxefebi da ganuwyvetliv asdioda Tevzis suni...~ <strong>de</strong>dis TqmiT, patara <strong>gi</strong>`awyvetil kvics~ hgavda: fermerTa biWebTan erTad daZrwoda velebsa da tyeebSiTu sanapiro kl<strong>de</strong>ebze, meTevzeebs dahyveboda zRvaze, Tevzaobda da nadirobda,da swored am adriani wlebis monapovars warmoadgens bevri is Tviseba, —bunebis mgznebare siyvaruli, cocxali, qmediTi cxovrebis xalisi, ubraloxalxisadmi interesi da simpaTia, misi zne-Cveulebebisa da metyvelebisCinebuli codna, misi `rableseuli~, motlanqo, magram ZarRviani humoris gemo,— ramac Sem<strong>de</strong>gSi <strong>mopasani</strong>s Semoqme<strong>de</strong>bis saRi, <strong>de</strong>mokratiul-realisturisafuZveli Sead<strong>gi</strong>na. cameti wlis biWi patara qalaq ivetos daxurulseminariaSi miabares, saidanac i<strong>gi</strong> jer TviTon gaiqca ram<strong>de</strong>nimejer, xolosabolood, 1866 wels, gamoricxes seminariis saxuravze RamiT gamarTuliqeifisTvis da `epikuruli~, `cxovrebis siameTa~ madi<strong>de</strong>beli leqsis gamo. mereman ruanis seminariaSi ganagrZo swavla, romelic 1870 wels daasrula.seminariis erT-erTma maswavlebelma, `parnaselma~, poetma da floberismegobarma lui builem yuradReba miaqcia Wabuk meleqses da i<strong>gi</strong> kruaseSi,ruanis maxloblad m<strong>de</strong>bare floberiseul mamulSi dahyavda stumrad; aqedandaiwyo did romanistTan <strong>mopasani</strong>s xangrZlivi Se<strong>gi</strong>rdoba da mWidro megobroba,romelmac floberis sikvdilam<strong>de</strong>, 1880 wlam<strong>de</strong> gastana. 1870 wlis ivlisSi
safrangeT-prusiis omi atyda da kanis universitetis iuridiul fakultetzeSesuli <strong>mopasani</strong> jarSi gaiwvies. omis periodi man jer ruansa da Sem<strong>de</strong>gparizSi gaatara intendantad. omis mom<strong>de</strong>vno ekonomiurma krizisma mismSobelTa materialuri mdgomareoba Searyia da mopasans sakuTari SromiTux<strong>de</strong>ba cxovreba. i<strong>gi</strong> parizs Cadis, sadac literaturuli Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biT apirebscxovrebas, magram floberis rCeviT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi dgeba, pataramoxeled muSaobs jer sazRvao, mere ki, 1878 wlidan, ganaTlebis saministroSi.mas mxolod maSin eZleva SesaZlebloba mTlianad mieces Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biT Sromas,roca 1880 wels gamoqveynebulma `funTuSam~ erTbaSad moupova saxeli dasimdidre.1880 wlam<strong>de</strong> grZel<strong>de</strong>ba <strong>mopasani</strong>s Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biTi cxovrebis pirveli,yvelaze xangrZlivi etapi, roca axalgazrda mwerali daJinebiT iRvwisostatobisaTvis.pirveli, rac am xnis manZilze `salambos~ avtorma Tavis Se<strong>gi</strong>rdsSTaunerga, iyo samwerlo Sromis maRali kultura. floberi didxansukrZalavda mopasans jer ki<strong>de</strong>v arasrulfasovan TxzulebaTa gamoqveynebas da1875 wels Se<strong>gi</strong>rdma, rogorc Cans, maswavleblisagan malulad dabeWda JozefpÁunes fsevdonimiT Tavisi pirveli moTxroba `gvamis xeli~, `ar vici, gaqvT Tuara Tqven niWi, — eubneboda mas floberi mis pirvel nawerTa gacnobis Sem<strong>de</strong>g.— imaSi, rac momitaneT, erTgvari unari igrZnoba, magram nuraso<strong>de</strong>sdagaviwy<strong>de</strong>baT, ymawvilo, rom niWi, bÁufonis Tqmisaebr, mxolod xangrZlivimoTminebaa. imuSaveT~. da <strong>mopasani</strong>c muSaobda, moTminebiT wvrTnida da xvewdakalams. `Svidi wlis manZilze, — igonebs i<strong>gi</strong> mogvianebiT, — me vwerdi leqsebs,vwerdi novelebs, davwere sazizRari dramac ki~. am Tavgamo<strong>de</strong>bul Sromas,diaxac, unayofod ar Cauvlia: profesiul gamocdilebasTan erTad man siuJetTauxvi mara<strong>gi</strong>c, mdidari nedli masalac daugrova Semdgom eso<strong>de</strong>n nayofiermwerals (faqtiurad aTio<strong>de</strong> wlis manZilze man gamoaqveyna zustad samasimoTxroba da novela, eqvsi didi romani, samogzauro narkvevTa sami wigni dauricxvi literaturul-publicisturi esse da werili).magram mTavari, rac floberma Tavis Se<strong>gi</strong>rds STaunerga, iyo mxatvruliformis is kulti, ramac <strong>mopasani</strong>, misi maswavleblis gverdiT, franguliliteraturis udi<strong>de</strong>s stilistTa rigSi Caayena.floberis msgavsad <strong>mopasani</strong> araso<strong>de</strong>s ar cdilobs weros `lamazad~ damisi stili araa gadatvirTuli im `samkaulebiT~, — maRalfardovani saxeebiT,`iSviaTi~ SedarebebiT, zedmeti perifrazebiT, nacvalsaxelebiT, — romlebicfrazas tlanqsa da mZimes xdian; aq araferi iqcevs sagangebo yuradRebas,yovelive Tavis ad<strong>gi</strong>lzea da mxolod erTs rasme emsaxureba, — gansaxierebis`im simsubuqesa da sizustes, romlebic asmagad zrdian kiTxvis sixaruls~. daaseve, mopasans eucxoeba fxvieri kompozicia, ganStoebuli anda lirikuli Turefleqsuri gadaxvevebiTa da wiaRsvlebiT garTulebul-damZimebuli siuJetismdore dineba. moTxroba esmis mas, rogorc materialuri Tu sulieri xasiaTiserTi ambis gadmocema, romelsac ise aqvs micemuli dramatiuli erTianoba, rommisgan gamoricxulia yvelaferi, rac aucilebeli araa ZiriTadi azrisnaTelsayofad. amitomac etaneba i<strong>gi</strong> novelis sakuTrivsa da klasikur formas,romelic jer ki<strong>de</strong>v XV s-Si iqna margarita navarelis mier bokaCiosaganSeTvisebuli da frangul mwerlobaSi gadmoner<strong>gi</strong>li, — moTxrobas, romlisdinamiuri moqme<strong>de</strong>bis centrSi dgas `novella~ anu `axali ambavi~, raimeanekdoturi SemTxveva, romlis Suqze Cn<strong>de</strong>ba da iSleba moqmed pirTa xasiaTi,mdgomareoba da bedi. da amave kompoziciuri simkacriT xasiaT<strong>de</strong>ba misiromanebic: maTi lo<strong>gi</strong>kurad gaSlil-dasrulebuli siuJetidan gamoricxuliayovelive, — kerZod, mravalricxovan, TavisTavad sayuradRebo, magram mTavarTemasTan nakleb dakavSirebul personaJTa monacvleoba, — rasac mravalsqeltanian romanSi `cxovrebasTan~ siaxlovisaÒda msgavsebis STabeWdilebisSeqmna evaleba xolme. da am<strong>de</strong>nad, rogorc mis moTxrobaTa, ise romanTa`arqiteqturuli~ wyobidan, <strong>mopasani</strong>s TqmiTve`verc erT nawilaks ver amoag<strong>de</strong>b ise, rom saerTo harmonia ar daarRvio~.
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axla survili hqonda, elises mindvre
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forestiem kari SeaRo. `Semodi~, —
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sixaruliT akankalda, radgan igi gac
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daixara, misi grZeli Tma axalgazrda
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da misma qmarmac saTvalis zevidan u
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saubari gaabes, dÁuruas azrebi Tav
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unebiT patiosani normandieli iyo, m
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sawer magidasac ise SesCveoda, rogo
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— Semdegi xval iqneba, — mere w
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— keTili, Tanaxma var. Tu marTla
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uceb SiSi Seepara: `iqneb `afrikeli
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— Tan axalgazrda dÁuruas waiyvan
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adgnen, bulvars gahyvnen da madlena
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— sulelo, imas niSnavs, rom momew
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da qalebsac ver dauaxlovda, Tumca z
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alanZuli hqonda da balRuri aRfrTova
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forestie TiTqmis iwva savarZelSi. e
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da misTvis erT sityvasac veRar poul
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dÁuruam daJinebiT moindoma gaego,
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klo gkocnis~.swored xuT saaTze Sevi
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da Tavisuflad, uxamuSod miujda magi
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Seadgens. amas unda daematos tanisa
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— naxevar weliwads mainc unda gav
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q-ni de-mareli sul ar uyurebda scen
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adgan orasic sWirdeboda, gadawyvita
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TanamSromels valteris ojaxSi Tanaba
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amgvarma msjelobam yvela gaaoca.qal
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mxolod oTxasi franki miiRo avansad.
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mere valteri meore kedels miadga da
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— Tavadaznaurul nakacarebs gamdid
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aRar davbrundebi da arc erTi iseTi
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`jibgirebis, TaRliTebisa da aramzad
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— Cveni piroba ar dagaviwydeT. Cv
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`kalmis~ viRac anonimurma mjRabnelm
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da iqve restoranSi Sevidnen. dÁuru
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stveniT midiodnen, meoreni ki sadRa
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dÁurua adgilidan veRar daiZra, rad
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da roca q-ni de mareli — es Tvals
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— cota haeri SemouSvi.— frTxila
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wavideT, me ki saSinlad meSinia, ub
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gavidnen da karTan skamze — ayvav
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foresties? ukve aqvs Tu ara raime p
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— sawyali, — imanac, Tavis mxri
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madlenam uceb Rimili Camoixsna, xel
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maRla aewia, ulvaSi amayad aigrixa
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dÁu-rua cdilobda, sacolesaTvis am
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— ratom?—imitom, rom Tqven kisr
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— daswyevlos eSmakma, — wamoiZa
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— ieso qriste! biWo, Sena xar?Jor
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da mTel qveyanaze, sadRac maRla moc
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JorJma lampa aiRo da kabinetSi gavi
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dÁu-rua pasuxs ar aZlevda, magram
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gverdiT mihqrodnen. qalebs Ria feri
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ganuwyveteli guguni esmoda. mas erT
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— damijere, agrea, giJuri aRtaceb
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hqmnis, roca igi Cvens pativmoyvare
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am mrgvalTaRa sardafs JorJi mSveniv
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oxunjobis, iafi sikeklucis, yalbi s
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maqvs. ubralod movedi da meti arafe
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q-ni valteri daibna, Seyoymanda. da
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da pasuxs daeloda. dÁu-rua sapasux
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jibe moiCxrika, gasaRebTa akido amo
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— mSvenieria... saucxooa... namdv
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Tumca jer oqtombris dasawyisi iyo,
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Semdeg sityva momaval sesiaze Camoa
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- Page 161 and 162: -ni valteri qaliSvilebTan da madlen
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- Page 183 and 184: gv. 33. bakalavri — Zvelad dasavl
- Page 185 and 186: detai, Jan-batist-eduardi (1848—1
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