magram, cxadia, `Se<strong>gi</strong>rdobis~ xanaSi mopasans marto mxatvris didostatobarodi SesZenia: amave dros, 70-ian wlebSi, Camoyalibda i<strong>gi</strong>msoflmxedvelobrivadac.ukve 1870—71 wlebis ambebma moaxdina mopasanze udi<strong>de</strong>si zegavlena.prusiasTan omma misi patriotuli grZnoba gaamZafra, xolo frangTadamarcxebam da am erovnuli katastrofisadmi `maRali~ sazogadoebissamarcxvino gulgrilobam mravali iluzia gauqarwyla Wabuks, pirveladCauwveTa pesimizmis Sxami.marTalia, <strong>mopasani</strong> iSviaTad exeboda Tavis TxzulebebSi uSualodpolitikur Tematikas, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos i<strong>gi</strong> Tavisidrois mwvave sazogadoebrivi Zvrebis miRma mdgariyos. i<strong>gi</strong> WeSmariti xelovanisdidi namusiTaa aRWurvili, ris ZaliTac Tavidanve gamodis gabatonebulmankierebaTa, Zalmomreobisa da usamarTlobis, fizikuri Tu moraluri<strong>de</strong>gradaciis sastik mamxileblad. xolo 70-iani wlebi saamisod friad uxvmasalas iZleoda: es xom parizis komunis Semdgom gamZvinvarebuli reaqciisxana iyo, ro<strong>de</strong>sac imperializmis stadiaSi fexSedgmulma burJuaziam da`kapitalis warmoebis~ procesSi Cabmulma aristokratiam saboloodSemoifliTes odin<strong>de</strong>li `<strong>de</strong>mokratiuli liberalizmisa~ Tu `STamomavlobiTikeTilSobilebis~ ZonZebi da srulad gaaSiSvles TavianTi antihumanuriklasobrivi arseba.`me moviTxov mmarTvel klasTa ganadgurebas, — werda <strong>mopasani</strong> flobers,— lamaz Clung batonTa xrovis mospobas, romlebic iqeqebian im beberiRvTismosavi da suleli roskipis kabebSi, maRali sazogadoeba rom ewo<strong>de</strong>ba.diax, me dRes mimaCnia, rom 93-e weli rbili iyo, rom seqtembrelebmalmobiereba gamoiCines, rom marati batkania, dantoni — umanko baWia, xolorobespieri — mtredi. raki Zveli mmarTveli klasebi amJamad iseve ugunurnirCebian, rogorc maSin iyvnen, isini amJamadac iseve unda moispon, rogorc maSin,da wyalSi arian gadasayreli lamazi kretini batonebi maT lamaz kaxpaqalbatonebTan erTad~. `mmarTveli klasebisadmi~ uzomo siZulvilTan dazizRTan erTad aq yuradRebas iqcevs `maRali sazogadoebis~ batonTa daqalbatonTa `silamazisa~ da `siClun<strong>gi</strong>s~, `silamazisa~ da `sikaxpis~ xazgasma(rac kvlav flobers gvagonebs, romelic <strong>mopasani</strong>save TqmiT, `sityva burJua~-ssityva `Clun<strong>gi</strong>~-s sinonimad Tvlida da ase ganmartavda: `burJuas vuwo<strong>de</strong>byvelas, vinc qvenad azrovnebso~). da swored am mZafri Seusabamobis, —burJuaziisa da aristokratiis garegani silamazis, keTilSobilebisa dawesierebis da Sinagani simaxinjis, gadagvarebisa da gaxrwnilebis, — Cvenebaiqca `lamazi megobris~ avtoris erT mTavar Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biT Temad.Tanac mopasans saimiso Zala da gambedaoba aRmoaCnda, rom `mmarTvelklasTa~ daundobel mxilebasTan erTad isic eCvenebina, rom maT mierSeZulebul `ubralo~ xalxSia daculi is Rirsebani, — patriotizmis,siyvarulis, samarTlianobis, patiosnebis, Tavisuflebis, Rirsebis grZnobani, —romlebic adamians namdvil, Sinagan silamazes, sulier keTilSobilebasaniWeben. es iqca <strong>mopasani</strong>s meore mTavar Temad, romelmac srulad gamoxata misiSemoqme<strong>de</strong>bis pozitiuri, naTeli, optimisturi ten<strong>de</strong>ncia da <strong>de</strong>mokratiulhumanisturiarsi. da swored aqaa yvelaze ufro mosaxsenebeli XIX s-is meoredidi mwerali, romelsac <strong>mopasani</strong> agreTve uwo<strong>de</strong>bs Tavis `Zvirfasmaswavlebelsa da megobars~. esaa 70-80-ian wlebSi safrangeTs mcxovrebi dafloberTan mWidrod daaxloebuli ivane turgenevi.turgenevs rogorc mxatvruli Txrobis, metadre novelis ubadloostatsac unda emoqmedna mopasanze. frang novelists `monadiris moTxrobaTa~avtori aRafrTovanebs, rogorc `pirvelxarisxovani mxatvari~, romelmac`ram<strong>de</strong>nime gverdze icis srulyofili nawarmoebis Seqmna, garemoebaTasaucxood dajgufeba da cocxal, xelSesaxeb, warmtac saxeTa Seqmna, maTi sulorio<strong>de</strong>, im<strong>de</strong>nad msubuqi da mox<strong>de</strong>nili StrixiT moxazva, rom Znelimisaxvedria, Tu rogor SeiZleba garegnulad eso<strong>de</strong>n ubralo saSualebebiTaseTi damajereblobis miRweva~, magram ufro mniSvnelovani mainc turgenevis
i<strong>de</strong>uri zegavlena Cans, romelic nawilobriv floberis sawinaaRm<strong>de</strong>godmoqme<strong>de</strong>bda. floberi socialur kriticizmTan, burJuaziis siZulvilTan erTadmopasans unergavda agreTve Tavis `zizRs masis ugunurebisadmi~ da ltolvas`spilos Zvlis koSkSi~ Caketvisaken, Tavis relativizmsa da pozitivizms anu imganwyobilebebsa da i<strong>de</strong>ebs, romlebic mas ukve rogorc dasavleTis klasikurirealizmis daSlis mijnaze mdgarsa da erTroulad esTetizmisa danaturalizmisaken midrekil xelovans axasiaTebda, turgenevi ki, piriqiT,amdidrebda da aZlierebda <strong>mopasani</strong>s realizms, Sveloda ra mas gamklavebodacxovrebasa da adamianze im uaryofiT, unugeSo Tvalsazriss, romelsac sulufro nergavda maSin<strong>de</strong>l frangul literaturaSi burJuaziuli reaqciis zeimi.turgenevi uziarebda Tavis axalgazrda frang kolegas im maRal rwmenasadamianis sikeTisa da Zlierebisa, im Rrma siyvarulsa da TanagrZnobasdabeCavebuli xalxisadmi, metadre glexobisadmi, da im utex imeds ukeTesimomavlisa, romliTac eso<strong>de</strong>n gansxvav<strong>de</strong>ba rusuli klasikuri literaturametismeti kriticizmisa Tu skepticizmis seniT Sepyrobili dasavleT-evropulimwerlebisagan. da Tamamad iTqmis: Tu ki <strong>mopasani</strong> didad aRemata Tavis frangmaswavlebels di<strong>de</strong>biT, naTel saxeTa xatviT, rusma damrigebelma swored imiTdasdo mas udi<strong>de</strong>si Rvawli, rom am saxeTa frangul sinamdvileSi, frangxalxSi danaxvis unari ganumtkica da gaumaxvila.<strong>mopasani</strong>s Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biTi ganviTarebis meore da umTavresi monakveTi modis1880—86 wlebze. esaa <strong>mopasani</strong>seuli kritikuli realizmis aRmavlobis xana,ro<strong>de</strong>sac mwerali Tavis umniSvnelovanes Txzulebebs qmnis, romlebSic sruladCn<strong>de</strong>ba misi Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biT pozitiuri ten<strong>de</strong>nciebi da Taviseburebani.marTalia, <strong>mopasani</strong>s realizms klasikuri — stendal-balzakiseuli —kritikuli realizmis aSkara daqveiTebis niSani emCneva; es daqveiTeba, uwinaresyovlisa, imaSi gamoixateba, rom sinamdvilis wvdomisa da asaxvis masStabiviwrov<strong>de</strong>ba, kerZod, sazogadoebriv mankierebaTa mxileba warmoebs ukve arasocialur-politikur, aramed `Cveulebriv~, viwro piradul, yoveldRiuryofacxovrebiTurTierTobaTa aspeqtSi. magram <strong>mopasani</strong>, floberis msgavsad,jer ki<strong>de</strong>v im<strong>de</strong>nad tipurad da mZafrad, — iseTi temperamentiTa da iseSeurbileblad, — asaxavs `mmarTvel klasTa~ simaxinjesa da mavneblobas, rommainc stendal-balzakiseuli tradiciis uSualo memkvidre rCeba. Tanac, erTismxriv, i<strong>gi</strong> ki<strong>de</strong>vac aviTarebs am tradicias, — kritikasa da mxilebasTan erTadkontrastulad imasac uCvenebs, rom `maRal~ sazogadoebaSi Seryvnil-Se<strong>gi</strong>nebuladamianobas SeZlebisdagvarad `ubralo~ xalxis Svilebi inarCuneben da icavenxolme. marTalia, muqi ferebi aq aSkarad Warboben naTel ferebs, magram esukanasknelni mainc im<strong>de</strong>n Suqs hfenen <strong>mopasani</strong>s mTel Semoqme<strong>de</strong>bas, rom i<strong>gi</strong>verafriT ver CaiTvleba `totaluri pesimistis~ anu <strong>de</strong>ka<strong>de</strong>ntis memkvidreobad.ase kontrastuladaa gaSuqebuli <strong>mopasani</strong>s novelistikis yvela mTavarimotivi.kerZod — patritizmis motivi, romelsac mwerali safrangeT-prusiis omismasalaze amuSavebs Tavisi mTeli Semoqme<strong>de</strong>bis manZilze. Tuki gaqniliburJuebisa da gayinuli aristokratebis garegani `wesiereba~ mxolod maTisulieri simdablisa da siglaxis niRabia, angarebianobisa da laCrobis safari,meZavis `uweso~ xelobas ver CauxSvia funTuSas sulieri keTilSobileba, verSeubRalavs misi zneobrivi siwmin<strong>de</strong>; da sadac `di<strong>de</strong>bulni~ mzad arianyovelgvari damamcirebeli, magram sasargeblo garigeba dasdondampyroblebTan, iq gankicxuli `mdabio~ qali, mtris mimarT wrfelisiZulviliTa da zizRiTaa aRsavse da mxolod imisaTvis neb<strong>de</strong>ba prusieloficers, raTa Zalmomreobisa da damcirebisagan ixsnas `patiosani aramza<strong>de</strong>bi~,romelTac gulubryvilod Tanamemamuleebad racxs da safrangeT-prusiis omismasalaze agebuli bevri sxva moTxrobac, — `Zalua sovaJi~, `tyveebi~,`madmuazel fifi~, `lo<strong>gi</strong>ni #29~, — cxadhyofs imas, rom mxolod xalxis beCav,magram simdidris gamxrwneli zegavleniT SeubRalvel SvilebsRa abadiaTsamSoblos siyvarulis grZnoba da mtris winaaRm<strong>de</strong>gobis unari.
- Page 2 and 3:
axla survili hqonda, elises mindvre
- Page 5:
forestiem kari SeaRo. `Semodi~, —
- Page 10 and 11:
sixaruliT akankalda, radgan igi gac
- Page 12 and 13:
daixara, misi grZeli Tma axalgazrda
- Page 14 and 15:
da misma qmarmac saTvalis zevidan u
- Page 16:
saubari gaabes, dÁuruas azrebi Tav
- Page 19 and 20:
unebiT patiosani normandieli iyo, m
- Page 21 and 22:
sawer magidasac ise SesCveoda, rogo
- Page 23 and 24:
— Semdegi xval iqneba, — mere w
- Page 25 and 26:
— keTili, Tanaxma var. Tu marTla
- Page 27 and 28:
uceb SiSi Seepara: `iqneb `afrikeli
- Page 29 and 30:
— Tan axalgazrda dÁuruas waiyvan
- Page 31 and 32:
adgnen, bulvars gahyvnen da madlena
- Page 33 and 34:
— sulelo, imas niSnavs, rom momew
- Page 35 and 36:
da qalebsac ver dauaxlovda, Tumca z
- Page 37 and 38:
alanZuli hqonda da balRuri aRfrTova
- Page 39 and 40:
forestie TiTqmis iwva savarZelSi. e
- Page 41 and 42:
da misTvis erT sityvasac veRar poul
- Page 43 and 44:
dÁuruam daJinebiT moindoma gaego,
- Page 45 and 46:
klo gkocnis~.swored xuT saaTze Sevi
- Page 47 and 48:
da Tavisuflad, uxamuSod miujda magi
- Page 49 and 50:
Seadgens. amas unda daematos tanisa
- Page 51 and 52:
— naxevar weliwads mainc unda gav
- Page 53 and 54:
q-ni de-mareli sul ar uyurebda scen
- Page 55 and 56:
adgan orasic sWirdeboda, gadawyvita
- Page 57 and 58:
TanamSromels valteris ojaxSi Tanaba
- Page 59 and 60:
amgvarma msjelobam yvela gaaoca.qal
- Page 61 and 62:
mxolod oTxasi franki miiRo avansad.
- Page 63 and 64:
mere valteri meore kedels miadga da
- Page 65 and 66:
— Tavadaznaurul nakacarebs gamdid
- Page 67 and 68:
aRar davbrundebi da arc erTi iseTi
- Page 69 and 70:
`jibgirebis, TaRliTebisa da aramzad
- Page 71 and 72:
— Cveni piroba ar dagaviwydeT. Cv
- Page 73 and 74:
`kalmis~ viRac anonimurma mjRabnelm
- Page 75 and 76:
da iqve restoranSi Sevidnen. dÁuru
- Page 77 and 78:
stveniT midiodnen, meoreni ki sadRa
- Page 79 and 80:
dÁurua adgilidan veRar daiZra, rad
- Page 81 and 82:
da roca q-ni de mareli — es Tvals
- Page 83 and 84:
— cota haeri SemouSvi.— frTxila
- Page 85 and 86:
wavideT, me ki saSinlad meSinia, ub
- Page 87 and 88:
gavidnen da karTan skamze — ayvav
- Page 89 and 90:
foresties? ukve aqvs Tu ara raime p
- Page 91 and 92:
— sawyali, — imanac, Tavis mxri
- Page 93 and 94:
madlenam uceb Rimili Camoixsna, xel
- Page 95 and 96:
maRla aewia, ulvaSi amayad aigrixa
- Page 97 and 98:
dÁu-rua cdilobda, sacolesaTvis am
- Page 99 and 100:
— ratom?—imitom, rom Tqven kisr
- Page 101 and 102:
— daswyevlos eSmakma, — wamoiZa
- Page 103 and 104:
— ieso qriste! biWo, Sena xar?Jor
- Page 105 and 106:
da mTel qveyanaze, sadRac maRla moc
- Page 107 and 108:
JorJma lampa aiRo da kabinetSi gavi
- Page 109 and 110:
dÁu-rua pasuxs ar aZlevda, magram
- Page 111 and 112:
gverdiT mihqrodnen. qalebs Ria feri
- Page 113 and 114:
ganuwyveteli guguni esmoda. mas erT
- Page 115 and 116:
— damijere, agrea, giJuri aRtaceb
- Page 117 and 118:
hqmnis, roca igi Cvens pativmoyvare
- Page 119 and 120:
am mrgvalTaRa sardafs JorJi mSveniv
- Page 121 and 122:
oxunjobis, iafi sikeklucis, yalbi s
- Page 123 and 124:
maqvs. ubralod movedi da meti arafe
- Page 125 and 126:
q-ni valteri daibna, Seyoymanda. da
- Page 127 and 128:
da pasuxs daeloda. dÁu-rua sapasux
- Page 129 and 130:
jibe moiCxrika, gasaRebTa akido amo
- Page 131 and 132:
— mSvenieria... saucxooa... namdv
- Page 133 and 134:
Tumca jer oqtombris dasawyisi iyo,
- Page 135 and 136:
Semdeg sityva momaval sesiaze Camoa
- Page 137 and 138:
suzanasTan, romelic mas Tavisi anco
- Page 139 and 140: — ara... imisTvis movedi, rom...
- Page 141 and 142: da Tavis loyas mis mkerdze Tanaswor
- Page 143 and 144: — im qals uyvarxar... mas undoda
- Page 145 and 146: Tavi meeqvseeklesia SaviT iyo Semos
- Page 147 and 148: madlena acaxcaxda da veRar gamoiRo
- Page 149 and 150: me ki im pirobiT gaZlev mas, Tu Sua
- Page 151 and 152: Tavi meSvidemarokos dapyrobis Semde
- Page 153 and 154: JorJi Cacmis dros ganuwyvetliv buzR
- Page 155 and 156: molaslaseni, adamians im ucnaur naq
- Page 157 and 158: man araferi upasuxa. misive azri, s
- Page 159 and 160: suzanam odnavi gesliT upasuxa:— C
- Page 161 and 162: -ni valteri qaliSvilebTan da madlen
- Page 163 and 164: kuTxeSi waaTries da mis qveS moZrav
- Page 165 and 166: wyvili fexsacmeli — erTi mozrdili
- Page 167 and 168: — uars ar vambob: Cemi sayvarelia
- Page 169 and 170: misi uSvelebeli profili caze mkveTr
- Page 171 and 172: tevri, bneli tye, duqnebi gzis napi
- Page 173 and 174: moTelilic ar iyo. jer ver gaigo da
- Page 175 and 176: mTeli tani gauxeva da mxolod fxizel
- Page 177 and 178: — qalbatoni jer iq darCa, magram
- Page 179 and 180: amdenime wamiT direze Sedga, roca f
- Page 181 and 182: gemo, da am mogonebam mas nasayvarl
- Page 183 and 184: gv. 33. bakalavri — Zvelad dasavl
- Page 185 and 186: detai, Jan-batist-eduardi (1848—1
- Page 187 and 188: damsaxurebisaTvis jildovdebian rogo
- Page 189: safrangeT-prusiis omi atyda da kani
- Page 193 and 194: mtkiceni, mxiarulni da kmayofilebiT
- Page 195 and 196: dawvrilmanebis, patritizmis Sesuste
- Page 197 and 198: da agreTve funTuSasebr viTomda `zek