saxecvlilebiT. lamazi megobari simboloa, simbolo Tanamedrove sazogadoebissidamplisa~.<strong>mopasani</strong>s pirveli romani, `cxovreba~, am sityvebiT mTavr<strong>de</strong>ba: `iciT,cxovreba veraa maincdamainc kar<strong>gi</strong>, magram arc ise cudia, rogorc hgoniaTxolme~. xolo `lamaz megobarSi~ yuradRebas iqcevs moxuci poeti norber <strong>de</strong>vareni,romelic egoistur da cru, `Wkua-Txel~ da SezRudul `maRalsazogadoebaze~ xangrZliv dakvirvebas uimedobam<strong>de</strong> da sasowarkveTilebam<strong>de</strong>, imdaskvnam<strong>de</strong> miuyvania, rom `momavali aramza<strong>de</strong>bs ekuTvniT~ da `mxolodsikvdilia cxadi da ueWveli~. marTalia, vareni, — gamoxatavs ra TviT<strong>mopasani</strong>s Tvalsazriss, — Tavis am daskvnas sulac ar acxa<strong>de</strong>bs absolutur dasaval<strong>de</strong>bulo WeSmaritebad, sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom es daeWveba daurwmunoeba mxolod misdagvari moxuci da sneuli, martoxela da `daRupulikacis~ xvedria xolme da rom ymawvil kacs imedianad da ener<strong>gi</strong>ulad,`axalgazrdulad cxovreba~ marTebs. magram <strong>mopasani</strong>s Sem<strong>de</strong>g Txzulebebsswored am vareniseuli pesimisturi ganwyobilebis aCqarebuli zrda emCneva,ukve `mont oriols~, romelic <strong>mopasani</strong>s Semoqme<strong>de</strong>biTi aRmavlobis miwurulsekuTvnis, aSkarad gamsWvalavs gauvalobis mZime SegrZneba; xolo cxovrebazevareniseuli negatiuri Tvalsazrisis gabatonebis, — Tumca mainc, arasrulizeimis, — daRi azis mwerlis cxovrebis ukanasknel, 1887 wlidan momdinareetaps, roca `lamazi megobris~ avtoris humanizmisa da realizmis rRveva,sabolood, misi sulieri kraxi mTavr<strong>de</strong>ba.bolo 80-ian wlebSi <strong>mopasani</strong> Tavisi di<strong>de</strong>bis mwvervalebze Cans: i<strong>gi</strong>saqveynod cnobili mweralia, misi wignebi SesaniSnavad iyi<strong>de</strong>ba, xolo simdidredRiTidRe izr<strong>de</strong>ba. misTvis Riaa parizis yvela salonis kari, `warCinebuli~sazogadoeba sul ufro `ixibleba~ misi pirovnebiT. i<strong>gi</strong> yidulobs jer patara,mere ufro did xomalds, romelTac `lamaz megobars~ arqmevs da romlebiTacxSirad mogzaurobs xmelTaSua zRvaze. magram es mogzaurobani sul ufroiReben misi `maTayvanebeli~ sazogadoebisagan ltolvis, sakuTar TavSiCaketvisaken miswrafebis xasiaTs, iseve, rogorc mis mTelamdroin<strong>de</strong>lcxovrebas ipyrobs Rrma, sabolood dauZleveli krizisi, romelsac yovladobieqturi, — <strong>mopasani</strong>s am droisaTvis Zlier gamwvavebuli avadmyofobisagandamouki<strong>de</strong>beli, — mizezebi moepoveba.80-ni wlebis miwurulisaTvis safrangeTi iqceva erT-erT udi<strong>de</strong>s koloniurqveyanad, valteris tipis finansuri magnatebi TavianT srul gamarjvebaszeimoben, xolo maTi damqaSebi, yvela juris `lamazi megobrebi~, romlebicTavianT Tavs `<strong>de</strong>mokratebs~, `radikalebs~ Tu `liberalebs~ uwo<strong>de</strong>ben, mtkice<strong>de</strong>uflebian qveynis samarTav saWes, da aseTs viTarebaSi mopasans eCveneba, rommmarTvel klasebTan mis brZolas mniSvneloba ekargeba, ram<strong>de</strong>nadac maTganmomdinare sazogadoebrivi boroteba uZlevelia. xolo meore mxriv. 80-ianiwlebis bolodan aseve imedgacruebis niadagze mTel frangulsa da saerTod,evropuls literaturaSi iwyeba realizmis daSlisa da mravali <strong>de</strong>ka<strong>de</strong>nturinakadi warmoqmnis intensiuri procesi. da, cxadia, am faqtorsac unda moexdina<strong>mopasani</strong>s Semoqme<strong>de</strong>baze uaryofiTi zegavlena, magram gadamwyvet faqtoradmainc mwerlis msoflmxedvelobrivi SezRuduloba iqceva, romelic arTmevs masrogorc garTulebuli socialuri viTarebis, ise gaZlierebul <strong>de</strong>kan<strong>de</strong>nturiliteraturis zegavlenaTa daZlevis unars. jerovani Tanmim<strong>de</strong>vruloba romgamoeCina, `mmarTveli klasebi~— mgmobel da saerTod angarebaze da egozmzedamkvidrebul sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa uarmyofel mopasansproletariatis istoriuli roli unda ecno da misi revoluciuri brZolaeRiarebina, swored es iqneboda is `saboloo daZaleba~, mis gadamwyveti nabiji,romelic mas saSineli burJuaziuli garemocvisagan Sinaganad gaaTavisuflebda.magram man swored es nabiji ver gadadga: tolstoisa ar iyos, burJuaziisa daaristokratiis mier SebRaluli adamianis mesveurad `ubralo xalxis~maRiarebels, mas faqtiurad xalxis cnebidan gamoricxuli daurCaproletariati, romelsac TiTqosda, `bednierTa da mdidarTadmi~ SuriamoZravebs, da am<strong>de</strong>nad misi, ZiriTadad glexobaze, e.i. kvlav mesakuTre klasze
da agreTve funTuSasebr viTomda `zeklasobriv~, namdvilad ki <strong>de</strong>klasirebulpirovnebebze orientirebuli humanisturi mrwamsi, cxadia, sul ufro da ufrokargavs realur sayr<strong>de</strong>ns. xolo amasTan erTad mwerali sul ufro ixrebaklasobriv adamianSi awyvetili mxecis absolutirebisaken, saerTod adamianuribunebis mniSvnelad aRiarebisaken, rac mas sul ufro aRavsebssasowarkveTilebiTa da pesimizmiT.borotebis uZlevelobis aRiareba odnavadac ar ganawyobs mopasans`mmarTvel klasebTan~ Sesarigeblad, mas winan<strong>de</strong>lze ufro damouki<strong>de</strong>blad daamayad uWiravs Tavi xelisuflebis winaSe, 1889 wels uars ambobs `sapatiole<strong>gi</strong>onis~ or<strong>de</strong>nis miRebaze, 1890 wels ki — aka<strong>de</strong>miis wevrobaze. da aseve misSemoqme<strong>de</strong>baSi, metadre romanebSi, _ `pieri da Jani~ (1887), `sikvdiliviT Zlieri~(1889) da `Cveni guli~ (1890), — ki ar sust<strong>de</strong>ba, aramed piriqiT, mZafr<strong>de</strong>ba`maRali sazogadoebis~ mxileba. metic: am periodSiac gvxv<strong>de</strong>ba ZveleburadnaTeli moTxrobebi, romlebic aRsavsea adamianTa erTmaneTTan guliTadidamoki<strong>de</strong>bulebiTa da wmindad xalxuri mxiarulebiT, galur-rableseuliiumoriTa da siciliT (`baWia~, `buzi~) anda romlebSic avtori did siTbosa dasinazes iCens Tavisi gmirebis mimarT (`portreti~, `xeibari~) magram amave dros<strong>mopasani</strong>s Semoqme<strong>de</strong>baSi iWreba Tu, ufro sworad, Zlier<strong>de</strong>ba da baton<strong>de</strong>baiseTi motivebi da faqtorebi, romelic arRveven mis humanizmsa da realizms.mopasans adridanve mosdis xolme daeWvebisa da uimedobis,sasowarkveTilebisa da SiSis Setevebi, ro<strong>de</strong>sac mas idumalisa da zebunebrivis,si<strong>gi</strong>Jisa da sikvdilis Sesaxeb mtkivneuli fiqrebi ipyroben, magram mweralimedgrad ebrZvis maT, cdilobs maT saR, realistur safuZvelze axsnas daupirispirebs sicocxliT, mxiarulebiT, ener<strong>gi</strong>iTa da silamaziT Semkulsaxeebs. axla ki es <strong>de</strong>ka<strong>de</strong>nturi, paTolo<strong>gi</strong>ur-mistikuri motivebi garkveulsistemad lag<strong>de</strong>bian, romelic cxovrebis `borot~, `idumal~ da `stiqiur~ ZalTawinaSe adamianis umweobisa da ganwirulebis SegrZnebas gamoxataven.am tra<strong>gi</strong>kuli SegrZnebisagan xsnas <strong>mopasani</strong> cxovrebidan pasiur gasvlaSi,TavdaviwyebaSi eZebs da saamiso saSualebad mas esTetizmi da eroTizmi esaxeba.mis romanebsa da novelebSi mkvidr<strong>de</strong>ba `usargeblo silamazis~ motivi, romlisTanaxmad, magaliTad, qalma naklebad unda imSobiaros, rom ar damaxinj<strong>de</strong>s,xolo siyvaruli sul ufro iqceva raRac `zemoralur~ sawyisad, romelmacxanmokled mainc unda CauxSos kacs mankieri socialuri vnebani da Tundacfizikurad ganac<strong>de</strong>vinos bedniereba...… magram <strong>mopasani</strong> TviTonac grZnobs am`gamosavlis~ siyalbes da misi ukanaskneli qmnilebebidan sul ufrogamosWvivis vareniseuli azri, rom kacis erTa<strong>de</strong>rT namdvil, `cxadsa daueWvel~ xsnas si<strong>gi</strong>Je da sikvdili warmoadgens.da dasasrul, Zlier cvlilebas ganicdis Txrobisa da xatvis<strong>mopasani</strong>seuli manerac. Tuki manam<strong>de</strong>l TxzulebebSi <strong>mopasani</strong> mkacrad icavdaTavis maswavlebelTa principebs, — rom mwerali unda iyos `obieqturixelovani~, romelic mxolod laparakobs da araso<strong>de</strong>s ar fiqrobs Tavis gmirTama<strong>gi</strong>er, ise rom misi `pirovneba wignis TaviseburebaSi qreba~ (floberi); darom `fsiqolo<strong>gi</strong> iseve unda qrebo<strong>de</strong>s mxatvarSi, rogorc ConCxi uCinar<strong>de</strong>bacocxalsa da Tbil sxeulSi, romelsac mtkice, magram uxilav sayr<strong>de</strong>na<strong>de</strong>msaxureba (turgenevi), — axla misi stili sul ufro iRebs `Tanamedrove~,subieqtivistur-fsiqolo<strong>gi</strong>stur xasiaTs. gmirTa obieqturi qcevisadmi interessenacvleba maTi subieqturi `Sidasamyarosadmi~ yuradRebis gamaxvileba.moqme<strong>de</strong>ba mZim<strong>de</strong>ba da dun<strong>de</strong>ba, mis ener<strong>gi</strong>ul dinebas abrkolebs da wyvetsgmirTa ganwyobilebis, ganc<strong>de</strong>bisa da fiqrebis <strong>de</strong>taluri analizi, avtorislirikul-refleqsuri Carevebi da Txrobis saerTo mWvretelur-aRwerilobiTitoni.yvela es i<strong>de</strong>ur-mxatvruli cvlileba arsebiTad `antimopasanuri~ xasiaTisaiyo, `funTuSas~ da `lamazi megobris~ Semqmnels organulad eucxoveboda.amitomac mopasans uTuod unda egrZno, rom Tavisi bunebis winaaRm<strong>de</strong>g midis dasakuTari Tavisagan es dacileba, cxadia, sastikad unda gaZneleboda.
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axla survili hqonda, elises mindvre
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forestiem kari SeaRo. `Semodi~, —
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sixaruliT akankalda, radgan igi gac
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daixara, misi grZeli Tma axalgazrda
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da misma qmarmac saTvalis zevidan u
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saubari gaabes, dÁuruas azrebi Tav
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unebiT patiosani normandieli iyo, m
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sawer magidasac ise SesCveoda, rogo
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— Semdegi xval iqneba, — mere w
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— keTili, Tanaxma var. Tu marTla
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uceb SiSi Seepara: `iqneb `afrikeli
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— Tan axalgazrda dÁuruas waiyvan
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adgnen, bulvars gahyvnen da madlena
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— sulelo, imas niSnavs, rom momew
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da qalebsac ver dauaxlovda, Tumca z
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alanZuli hqonda da balRuri aRfrTova
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forestie TiTqmis iwva savarZelSi. e
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da misTvis erT sityvasac veRar poul
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dÁuruam daJinebiT moindoma gaego,
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klo gkocnis~.swored xuT saaTze Sevi
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da Tavisuflad, uxamuSod miujda magi
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Seadgens. amas unda daematos tanisa
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— naxevar weliwads mainc unda gav
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q-ni de-mareli sul ar uyurebda scen
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adgan orasic sWirdeboda, gadawyvita
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TanamSromels valteris ojaxSi Tanaba
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amgvarma msjelobam yvela gaaoca.qal
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mxolod oTxasi franki miiRo avansad.
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mere valteri meore kedels miadga da
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— Tavadaznaurul nakacarebs gamdid
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aRar davbrundebi da arc erTi iseTi
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`jibgirebis, TaRliTebisa da aramzad
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— Cveni piroba ar dagaviwydeT. Cv
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`kalmis~ viRac anonimurma mjRabnelm
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da iqve restoranSi Sevidnen. dÁuru
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stveniT midiodnen, meoreni ki sadRa
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dÁurua adgilidan veRar daiZra, rad
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da roca q-ni de mareli — es Tvals
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— cota haeri SemouSvi.— frTxila
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wavideT, me ki saSinlad meSinia, ub
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gavidnen da karTan skamze — ayvav
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foresties? ukve aqvs Tu ara raime p
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— sawyali, — imanac, Tavis mxri
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madlenam uceb Rimili Camoixsna, xel
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maRla aewia, ulvaSi amayad aigrixa
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dÁu-rua cdilobda, sacolesaTvis am
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— ratom?—imitom, rom Tqven kisr
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— daswyevlos eSmakma, — wamoiZa
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— ieso qriste! biWo, Sena xar?Jor
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da mTel qveyanaze, sadRac maRla moc
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JorJma lampa aiRo da kabinetSi gavi
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dÁu-rua pasuxs ar aZlevda, magram
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gverdiT mihqrodnen. qalebs Ria feri
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ganuwyveteli guguni esmoda. mas erT
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— damijere, agrea, giJuri aRtaceb
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hqmnis, roca igi Cvens pativmoyvare
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am mrgvalTaRa sardafs JorJi mSveniv
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oxunjobis, iafi sikeklucis, yalbi s
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maqvs. ubralod movedi da meti arafe
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q-ni valteri daibna, Seyoymanda. da
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da pasuxs daeloda. dÁu-rua sapasux
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jibe moiCxrika, gasaRebTa akido amo
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— mSvenieria... saucxooa... namdv
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Tumca jer oqtombris dasawyisi iyo,
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Semdeg sityva momaval sesiaze Camoa
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suzanasTan, romelic mas Tavisi anco
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— ara... imisTvis movedi, rom...
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da Tavis loyas mis mkerdze Tanaswor
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— im qals uyvarxar... mas undoda
- Page 145 and 146: Tavi meeqvseeklesia SaviT iyo Semos
- Page 147 and 148: madlena acaxcaxda da veRar gamoiRo
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- Page 151 and 152: Tavi meSvidemarokos dapyrobis Semde
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- Page 155 and 156: molaslaseni, adamians im ucnaur naq
- Page 157 and 158: man araferi upasuxa. misive azri, s
- Page 159 and 160: suzanam odnavi gesliT upasuxa:— C
- Page 161 and 162: -ni valteri qaliSvilebTan da madlen
- Page 163 and 164: kuTxeSi waaTries da mis qveS moZrav
- Page 165 and 166: wyvili fexsacmeli — erTi mozrdili
- Page 167 and 168: — uars ar vambob: Cemi sayvarelia
- Page 169 and 170: misi uSvelebeli profili caze mkveTr
- Page 171 and 172: tevri, bneli tye, duqnebi gzis napi
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- Page 175 and 176: mTeli tani gauxeva da mxolod fxizel
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- Page 179 and 180: amdenime wamiT direze Sedga, roca f
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- Page 183 and 184: gv. 33. bakalavri — Zvelad dasavl
- Page 185 and 186: detai, Jan-batist-eduardi (1848—1
- Page 187 and 188: damsaxurebisaTvis jildovdebian rogo
- Page 189 and 190: safrangeT-prusiis omi atyda da kani
- Page 191 and 192: ideuri zegavlena Cans, romelic nawi
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- Page 195: dawvrilmanebis, patritizmis Sesuste