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5.1.4 Nieuwe mogelijkheden? ..................................................................................... 57 5.2 Phoslock® .................................................................................................................. 59 5.3 Overige fosfaatbindende materialen .......................................................................... 61 5.4 Toepassingsmogelijkheden voor ijzerhoudend materiaal ............................................ 62 5.4.1 In waterdoorlatende zakken ............................................................................... 63 5.4.2 Los uitgestrooid [op de akkerrand] ..................................................................... 65 5.4.3 In een sleuf op de akkerrand .............................................................................. 66 5.4.4 In of om drainagebuizen ..................................................................................... 68 5.4.5 Hergebruiken of afvoeren ? ................................................................................ 68 6 Actor Netwerken ............................................................................................................... 74 6.1 Huidige vormen van samenwerking ............................................................................ 74 6.1.1 Samenwerken in projecten ................................................................................. 74 6.1.2 Andere vormen van samenwerking; arena’s ....................................................... 79 6.2 Socio-technische systeem volgens Geels .................................................................... 85 7 Instituties .......................................................................................................................... 88 7.1 Water......................................................................................................................... 88 7.2 Bodem ....................................................................................................................... 90 7.3 Afvalstoffen ............................................................................................................... 93 7.4 Meststoffen ............................................................................................................... 96 7.5 Voedselveiligheid ....................................................................................................... 97 7.6 Afnemers Groothandel Detailhandel .......................................................................... 99 8 De functies van het innovatiesysteem .............................................................................. 102 8.1 Experimenteren door ondernemers ......................................................................... 102 8.2 Kennisontwikkeling .................................................................................................. 103 8.3 Kennisuitwisseling in netwerken .............................................................................. 105 8.4 Richting geven aan het zoekproces ........................................................................... 108 8.5 Creëren van markten ............................................................................................... 111 8.6 Mobiliseren van middelen ........................................................................................ 113 8.7 Tegenspel bieden aan weerstand ............................................................................. 115 9 Analyse ............................................................................................................................ 116 9.1 De structuur van het TIS “fosfor run-off management”: de foto ............................... 116 9.2 Dynamiek van TIS “fosfor run-off management”: het proces .................................... 130 10 Discussie ...................................................................................................................... 134 11 Conclusies .................................................................................................................... 140 11.1 Huidige toestand van het TIS: de foto ....................................................................... 140 11.2 Dynamiek van het TIS “fosfor runoff management”: het proces ............................... 142 11.3 Onderzoeksmethode ................................................................................................ 143 12 Aanbevelingen ............................................................................................................. 144 Referenties .............................................................................................................................. 148 Bijlagen ................................................................................................................................... 158 Page 4 Innovatiesysteemanalyse
Summary English One of the objectives of the Water Framework Directive [WFD] is to achieve 'good ecological status' in surface water bodies. The relatively high concentrations of phosphorus in surface water are a limiting factor; despite the planned manure policy, 40-50% of the ditches and streams will probably not meet the target concentrations in 2027. Therefore, the government created a "WFD Innovationprogramme" to facilitate research into cost-effective innovations with which the standard could be achieved. Two projects from this WFD Innovation programme concern [measures with regard to] surface runoff. For a long time, the theory was adopted that the route of phosphate to the surface water was mainly through leaching from the soil. Only recently, research has shown that surface runoff could explain 10 to 70% of the load in surface water. It is possible that a reduction in phosphorus emissions can be achieved relatively easy and inexpensive by taking action on this transport route. A third project explores the extent to which iron-containing materials are suitable for adsorbing phosphate. This research project is an exploration of the technological innovation system [TIS] "phosphorus run-off management" in the Netherlands. It includes both the knowledge of the importance of this rapid transport route in the phosphorus load, and the possible measures against phosphorus emissions from surface run-off. The focus of this study is on the use of ferrous material as a measure for the reduction of phosphorus emissions. It is known that the diffusion of innovations is often difficult. More reflection on the entire innovation system is necessary. To obtain a complete picture of the TIS, it is described in various ways. With the innovation system approach, a snapshot of the innovation system is created, involving all elements of the TIS; actors, technology, actor networks and institutions are identified. Several aspects of the network [density and structure] are analyzed using insights from [social] network theory. To gain more insight into the development phase at this moment and what developments are currently needed for the innovation to continue to develop, an approach is used, which focuses on the processes that are important for well performing innovation systems. The diagnostic tool to describe the dynamics, is that of the seven innovation system functions. To examine the TIS, a large number of actors in the innovation system is interviewed: government, research institutes, suppliers and manufacturers, intermediate infrastructure, and potential users. The resulting data were combined with observations, literature review and insights from the above theories. The main findings of the study are shown below. Most actors consider phosphate as an essential nutrient, not immediately as an environmental problem. In general, when choosing measures that could reduce the runoff of phosphate, measures that ensure a “good soil structure” to facilitate infiltration are preferred, because the aim is also to have the phosphate available for the plant. Especially the scientists and the ZLTO are active actors in the TIS “phosphorus runoff management”; drinking water companies and Hego-Biotech, farmers and waterboards are involved as suppliers of ferrous materials or as sounding board. Consultancy Arcadis represents the intermediate infrastructure. The government plays a facilitating role by providing grants for the projects and in “Kennis moet stromen”. Education, agricultural advice and agribusiness, and nature and environmental organizations are not represented. The government had the ambition that in the course of 2012 the knowledge of the projects would have been spread to the end-users. This ambition may be too high. In this TIS the necessary knowledge has to be divided into three types: Reductie fosfaatafspoeling door ijzerhoudend materiaal Page 5
Page 1 and 2: Fosfor runoff management Een reflec
Page 3 and 4: Voorwoord Het voorliggende rapport
Page 5: Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord ...........
Page 9 and 10: Samenvatting Eén van de doelstelli
Page 11 and 12: Afkortingen AJK Agrarisch Jongeren
Page 13 and 14: 1 Introductie 1.1 Achtergrond Eén
Page 15 and 16: 1.1.2 Transportroutes en mogelijke
Page 17 and 18: (Diffuse belasting Oppervlaktewater
Page 19 and 20: De verschillende actoren, die van b
Page 21 and 22: 2 Theoretisch kader In mijn afstude
Page 23 and 24: Figuur 5 De basiselementen en midde
Page 25 and 26: netwerkstructuren tussen verschille
Page 27 and 28: veranderen. Echter, de steungroepen
Page 29 and 30: aangetrokken om effectief te lobbye
Page 31 and 32: 3 Onderzoeksmethode Voorafgaand aan
Page 33 and 34: “Onderzoek terugdringing afspoeli
Page 35 and 36: 3.4 Dataverzameling De waarnemingen
Page 37 and 38: Tabel 2 Overzicht actoren, waarbij
Page 39 and 40: Om te zoeken naar relevante kranten
Page 41 and 42: 4 Actoren en hun percepties In deze
Page 43 and 44: Uit Figuur 14 wordt duidelijk, dat
Page 45 and 46: arseenverwijdering. En ook daar zij
Page 47 and 48: Toch zal bij menig agrarisch ondern
Page 49 and 50: terreinwater. En toen kwamen we eig
Page 51 and 52: Zij zien practische oplossingen voo
Page 53 and 54: Context/percepties Fosfaat wordt do
Page 55 and 56: industriële afvalstoffen [slakken
Page 57 and 58:
ioolwaterzuiverings-installatie af
Page 59 and 60:
FerroSorp®Plus, FerroSorp®RW/RWR
Page 61 and 62:
echter ook een nuttige bestemming k
Page 63 and 64:
“Maar specifiek over dat Phoslock
Page 65 and 66:
“Zo gauw als bij ons [veengrond]
Page 67 and 68:
grond blijft (...) als je in de laa
Page 69 and 70:
Twisk, 2010, p. 2) als door agraris
Page 71 and 72:
misschien dat het dan gaat” (AGR1
Page 73 and 74:
Fosfaatbindend materiaal Qua materi
Page 75 and 76:
Hergebruik? Veel agrarisch ondernem
Page 77 and 78:
Tabel 7 Overzicht initiatieven emis
Page 79 and 80:
TU Delft-CITG; drinkwater IHE Milie
Page 81 and 82:
versnipperd. (...) We hebben een st
Page 83 and 84:
gebied. (...) Ik vind dat het erg s
Page 85 and 86:
NAV en NMV hebbben begin jaren nege
Page 87 and 88:
6.2 Socio-technische systeem volgen
Page 89 and 90:
Huidige vormen van samenwerking In
Page 91 and 92:
Een aantal van de geïnterviewden i
Page 93 and 94:
meer de details beschreven (naast d
Page 95 and 96:
Tabel 9 Beschikbare gehalten arseen
Page 97 and 98:
andvoorwaarden van het besluit Bode
Page 99 and 100:
1 Slib of steekvast slib dat vrijko
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is volgens van Wezel et al (2003, p
Page 103 and 104:
Wet- en regelgeving, relevant voor
Page 105 and 106:
Figuur 29 Toepassingen van FerroSor
Page 107 and 108:
8.3 Kennisuitwisseling in netwerken
Page 109 and 110:
een rapport verschenen (Schoumans,
Page 111 and 112:
databases als de Hydrotheek [vooral
Page 113 and 114:
het afdoende is. Daarom gaan de pro
Page 115 and 116:
8.6 Mobiliseren van middelen Een in
Page 117 and 118:
stellen met meer aandacht voor biol
Page 119 and 120:
usiness en natuur- en milieuverenig
Page 121 and 122:
Voor zowel de kennis over als het g
Page 123 and 124:
fosfaat zal naar verwachting nauwel
Page 125 and 126:
B. Afvoer [van het gebruikte materi
Page 127 and 128:
TU Delft-CITG; drinkwater IHE Milie
Page 129 and 130:
Tijdens dit afstudeeronderzoek is g
Page 131 and 132:
Behalve regelgeving, die het gebrui
Page 133 and 134:
en is er aandacht besteed aan het v
Page 135 and 136:
Reductie fosfaatafspoeling door ijz
Page 137 and 138:
Hoe belangrijk deze perceptie is, i
Page 139 and 140:
voelen zich alleen verantwoordelijk
Page 141 and 142:
Een ander issue, wat tijdens de wor
Page 143 and 144:
Technologie/inventie Aandachtspunt
Page 145 and 146:
Volgens de theorie zou nu de Ondern
Page 147 and 148:
Actoren en Kennisuitwisseling in ne
Page 149 and 150:
Om vast te stellen of het gebruikte
Page 151 and 152:
Geels, F. W. (2004). From sectoral
Page 153 and 154:
naar maatregelen ter vermindering v
Page 155 and 156:
VROM. (2009a). Besluit kwaliteitsei
Page 157 and 158:
Luijten, M. (2010). Gehonoreerde pr
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ZLTO, Arcadis, Wageningen-UR, & KRW
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I. Verschillende niveau’s om maat
Page 163 and 164:
III. Beschrijving en resultaten KRW
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het overtollige water goed af te vo
Page 167 and 168:
V. Ontijzeringsmechanismen Bij onti
Page 169 and 170:
achterblijft”. Ook IJpelaar (2003
Page 171 and 172:
VI. Actoren Bestuursorganen / overh
Page 173 and 174:
in projecten (STOWA, 2009, pp. 7-9)
Page 175 and 176:
eleid en praktijk. Emissiereductie
Page 177 and 178:
De Nederlandse Melkveehouders Vakbo
Page 179 and 180:
deel van Nederland met relatief vee
Page 181 and 182:
Tabel 17 Tabel met achtergrond waar
Page 183:
Reductie fosfaatafspoeling door ijz
Page 186 and 187:
X. Functies van het innovatiesystee
Page 188 and 189:
FOI2: Onderwerp technologie ijzerho
Page 190 and 191:
FOI 3: Onderwerp technologie ijzerh
Page 192:
FOI 4: Onderwerp technologie ijzerh
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