Europei, precum øi faptul cæ Rusia nu face parte din aceastæ categorie. Discursul øtiinflificlocal foloseøte mai curînd termeni ca postsocialist sau postsovietic, care delimiteazæîn timp experienfla colectivæ øi stabileøte, de asemenea, øi o scaræ de intensitate, întimp ce discursul øtiinflific de peste mæri øi flæri voteazæ pentru cuvîntul „postcomunism“,care sunæ mai bine øi face bum mai mare. Teoria care dæ tonul azi vorbeøtenu doar de fostul Est, ci øi de fostul Vest. 6 Ea consideræ cæ opoziflia Est-Vest/centruperiferienu mai are nicio rafliune de a fi. Estul e doar una dintre multele scene localeparalele. Cu toate cæ asta aduce cu sine o fragmentare a atenfliei în raport cu rolulprivilegiat de adversar în cadrul Ræzboiului Rece, existæ øi aspecte benefice ale acesteirestructuræri: de pildæ, o creøtere în valoare a pozifliei periferice øi a experienfleiistorice acumulate. Cel puflin la nivelul teoriei.Proba budincii e furnizatæ de expoziflia Ostalgia 7 , organizatæ în vara lui 2011 la NewYork, care ræmîne o scenæ puternicæ øi dætætoare de direcflii. Compus din expresiisugerînd Estul øi nostalgia øi utilizat mai ales în context est-german [cf. Ost-algie],pînæ øi titlul pare sæ sugereze ceva nefast. Subtitlul însæ („Europa de Est øi fostele republicisovietice“) o face færæ niciun echivoc, mai ales cæ expoziflia în sine e un spectacolsovietico-rusesc de proporflii gigantice (ocupînd toate etajele, holurile øi cotloaneleNew Museum), condimentat cu un pic de „totalitarism“ øi aducînd „delegafli“ dintoate flærile. Existæ, bineînfleles, øi nume mari (Bulatov, Iveković, Stilinović, Toomik,Sala, Ondak), printre care øi personaje iconice (Brætescu, Grigorescu, Koller,Kovanda, Hajas), precum øi lucræri extraordinare, dar nu asta e chestiunea fundamentalæ,ci aceea a cum sînt utilizate aceste opere, la cine øi la ce context sînt ele raportate,care este imaginea de ansamblu sugeratæ øi mesajul pe care ele îl poartæ.Expoziflia oferæ o distracflie lejeræ, uøor digerabilæ, pentru localnicii dornici sæ scape prinfrisoane ideologice de potopul de turiøti øi de canicula Manhattanului. Poate cæ publicul-flintæe emigraflia ruseascæ din Coney Island, aristocratæ, albæ øi pe cale dedispariflie. Poate cæ asta explicæ øi referirile dese la Nabokov, deøi nostalgia acestuiadin urmæ, dacæ existase, se referea la o altæ perioadæ. În orice caz, curatorul GioniMassimiliano merge în siajul lui Nabokov atunci cînd, situîndu-se pe poziflia unui curator-artist,îøi interpreteazæ expoziflia ca „reconstrucflie filologicæ a trecutului øi crearea unei noi ficfliuni“. Stafia din Coney Island bîntuie în perspectiva lui Diana Arbus, cutoate accesoriile sale: atmosfera apæsætoare, grotescæ øi duhnind a særæcie a anilor cincizeci.Conform acestui scenariu, scheletele lui Schütte, cu fefle cenuøii, orbite goaleøi îmbætrînite înainte de vreme, împreunæ cu silueta de episcop semnatæ de Balka,ascunsæ într-un colfl obscur øi inspirînd mai degrabæ teamæ decît veneraflie, par sæ joacerolul de bogeyman. Spifla personajelor de legendæ popularæ, obligate în condiflii socialistesæ bricoleze, e reprezentatæ de imensa colecflie a lui Vladimir Arhipov, realizatædin obiecte gæsite pe teritoriul fostei Uniuni Sovietice øi din uneltele fabricate din acesteobiecte, respectiv de eroul lui Anri Sala, Edi Rama, primarul-artist care a dat culoareTiranei, în timp ce mitul lumii nomade, primitive, ræmase în urmæ e readus la viaflæprin obiectele øamanice create de Evgheni Antufiev, un siberian de nici 25 de ani, careutilizeazæ în lucrærile sale dinfli de lup øi de cîine, pærul mamei sale øi cîrpe. De asemenea,cazacul Said Atabekov promite øi el niflicæ sælbæticie cu un film video în care „unleagæn pentru copii aminteøte de un kalaønikov“ – spune explicaflia de pe perete. Grefloaselefotografii soft porn, versiunea „socialistæ“, realizate de Boris Mihailov, aceastæveritabilæ mascotæ a pieflei de artæ, amintesc de „genul“ low-tech homevideo øi ocupæo vitrinæ de mærimea unei sæli întregi, tocind astfel tæiøul sau, mai precis, adæugînd tonurimelodramatice puternicei lucræri conceptualiste a lui Stilinović, care a fost expusæ înacelaøi spafliu. Artistul a øters definifliile tuturor cuvintelor dintr-un dicflionar øi le-a înlocuitcu vocabula „pain“ (durere). Autoprezentarea de modæ a lui Tibor Hajas a avut øi eade suferit în urma unei puneri în context care a vrut s-o facæ mai exoticæ decît este:ceea ce transpare prin operæ nu mai e o dorinflæ nemærginitæ de libertate, nici intenfliaon the verge of extinction. Perhaps this explains the frequent referencesto Nabokov, although the latter’s nostalgia, if it existed at all,referred to another period. Anyway, curator Gioni Massimilianofollows Nabokov in taking the position of a curator-artist, interpretshis exhibition as a “philological reconstruction of the past and in creatingof a new fiction“. The ghost of Coney Island is haunting DianaArbus’ perspective, with all its accessories: the oppressive, grotesque,poor atmosphere of the fifties. According to this scenario, Schütte’sskeletons, grey-faced, with empty orbits and prematurely aged, andthe bishop figure signed Balka, hidden in a dark corner and inspiringfear rather than awe, seem to play the part of the bogeyman.The kin of folklore fairy-tale characters, forced to tinker in socialistconditions, is represented by Vladimir Arkhipov’s huge collection ofobjects found on Soviet territory and the tools made from them, aswell as by Anri Sala’s hero, Edi Rama, the artist-mayor who colouredTirana, while the myth of the nomadic, primitive, backward worldis brought to life through the shamanic objects created by EvgenyAntufiev, a Siberian under 25, who uses wolf and dog teeth, hismother’s hair and rags. The Cossack Said Atabekov promises a littlesavageness with a video in which “a children’s swing reminds ofa Kalashnikov“ – says the explanation on the wall. The obnoxious“socialist“ soft porn photos signed by Boris Mikhailov, a genuinemascot of the art market, remind of some low-tech home videos andoccupy a display case the size of an entire hall, taking off the edgeor, more precisely, adding strong melodramatic tones to the powerfulconceptual work of Stilinovic’ exhibited in the same space.The latter deleted all the definitions in a dictionary and replacedthem with the word “pain“. Tibor Hajas’s Self-Fashion Show had alsosuffered from being put in a context meant to make it more exoticthan it is: what transpires through the work is no longer a boundlessdesire for freedom or an intention to make the public taste a lifeunwatched by any higher instance; because of the medium, a 13 mmfilm, the costumes seem out-dated, everything is of a dull grey,evoking rather the life sentiment of the spiritually maimed, of thedisappointed, a sentiment that twenty years later, in “the goulashcommunism“, was no longer a major attitude.If within the category called “Eastern Europe“ the selection of artistshas been mostly acceptable, this is no longer true, despite theirnumerical advantage, for the Soviets/Russian artists. Mikhailov’s slipperypornographies, as well as the collages and prints verging onkitsch signed by Brusilovski and Lobanov, evoking the atmosphereof Soviet souvenirs shops, are hardly representative for the Russianscene. Zarva’s distorted portraits on the front cover of the magazineOgonyok (in 2001!) also do not disclose past reality, a reality that– according to the explanation accompanying the work – the falserealist-socialist joy of life had hidden. The only thing that these portraitsallow us to see is the desire that the existence behind the IronCurtain is to be seen again – through an “up to date“ simplification –as something grotesque.However, great names of the broader regional scene have beenomitted, names whose absence not only makes the story incomplete,offering a much more meagre image of history than it actually was,but also further complicates the reading of works on display, even ifthe curatorial concept used wanted to avoid a regional-geographicalreview. The omission of representative names for one period oranother is motivated by the curator of the exhibition through thedesire to introduce new names for the New York public, other thanthose who exhibit regularly in the City and are almost consideredAmerican artists, whatever their origin (two examples: Kabakov andAbramovic’), or those who have already had the opportunity of makingthemselves known (such as Kozyra or Żmijewski), a point of viewresembling rather that of a commercial head hunter in search of“fresh meat“, and not that of an art-historical argument.The magic phrase which always claims a sort of immunity from criticismis “personal position“, which is supposed to mean the conscienceof a life path, of a socialization, of a particular position88
scenade a face publicul sæ guste o viaflæ nesupravegheatæ de nicio instanflæ superioaræ; datoritæmijlocului de exprimare, filmul de 13 mm, costumele apar învechite, totul e de o monotoniecenuøie, evocînd mai degrabæ sentimentul de viaflæ al celor mutilafli sufleteøte,al dezamægiflilor, un sentiment care douæzeci de ani mai tîrziu, în „comunismulgulaø“,n-a mai fost deloc cel dominant.Dacæ în categoria botezatæ „Europa de Est“ am putut regæsi artiøti în mare parteacceptabili, acest lucru nu mai e valabil øi pentru artiøtii sovietici/ruøi, în pofidaavantajului lor numeric. Pornografiile alunecoase ale lui Mihailov, respectiv colajeleøi imprimatele la limita kitsch-ului semnate de Brusilovski øi Lobanov, evocînd atmosferaprævæliilor cu suveniruri sovietice, sînt prea puflin reprezentative pentru scenaruseascæ. De asemenea, nici portretele distorsionate ale lui Zarva de pe prima copertæa revistei Ogoniok (în 2001!) nu dezvæluie realitatea trecutului, o realitate pe care– conform explicafliei ce însofleøte lucrarea – falsa bucurie de viaflæ realist-socialistæar fi ascuns-o. Singurul lucru pe care-l dau de væzut aceste portrete este dorinflaca existenfla de dupæ Cortina de Fier sæ poatæ fi væzutæ iar – printr-o simplificare „ultimulræcnet“ – drept ceva grotesc.Au fost omise, în schimb, nume mari ale scenei regionale mai largi, nume færæ de carepovestea nu doar cæ e incompletæ, zugrævind o imagine mai særæcæcioasæ decît a fostea în realitate, dar øi complicæ în mod suplimentar lectura lucrærilor expuse, chiar dacæs-a utilizat un concept curatorial care a vrut sæ evite o trecere în revistæ regional-geograficæ.Omiterea numelor ce dau signatura uneia sau alteia dintre perioadele desprecare discutæm e motivatæ de curatorul expozifliei prin dorinfla de a face cunoscute numenoi publicului de la New York, nume deosebite de acelea care expun în mod regulatîn acest oraø øi trec deja drept artiøti americani, oricare ar fi originea lor (douæ exemple:Kabakov øi Abramović), respectiv nume ale unor artiøti care au avut deja ocaziade a se face cunoscufli (cum ar fi Kozyra sau Żmijewski); punct de vedere ce aminteøtemai degrabæ de acela al unui vînætor de capete comercial aflat în cæutare de „carneproaspætæ“, øi nu de acela al unui argument istorico-artistic.Cuvîntul magic prin care se revendicæ mereu un fel de imunitate la criticæ e „pozifliapersonalæ“, ceea ce vrea sæ zicæ aici conøtiinfla unui traseu de viaflæ, a unei socializæri,a unei poziflii particulare asumate øi determinate de un angajament, o conøtiinflæcare, ca atare, e inevitabil subiectivæ øi nu se autoiluzioneazæ cu intenflia de a dezvæluisingura narafliune „obiectivæ“ posibilæ, dar nici nu legitimeazæ, numai dintr-atîta,un capriciu, øi cu atît mai puflin scuteøte pe cineva, în numele unei poziflii de curator-artist,de exigenfla cercetærii istorice øi a veridicitæflii.În anii nouæzeci, New Museum a fost una dintre institufliile alternative cele mai radicale,fiind prima care sæ zgîndære tot felul de tabuuri øi sæ asume o sensibilitate faflæde social în imediata proximitate a galeriilor comerciale din SoHo. Urmaøa ei deazi pe Bowery, într-un Lower East Side populat cîndva de emigranfli est-europeni,iar azi de yuppies bine remunerafli, pæstreazæ vechile luæri de atitudine doar prin sloganurilela modæ – de ultimæ oræ, chiar – prezente în retorica ei. În spatele mæøtiifurnizate de frazeologia øi de toposurile „de primæ linie“ înøirate în catalogul expozifliei,sînt reintroduse prin contrabandæ aceleaøi cliøee præfuite a cæror dispariflie îmbucurætoareo anunflæ noul discurs critic. Dacæ la nivelul teoriei, al retoricii nu se pot stabiliierarhii øi subordonæri boante, punctul de vedere colonizator devenind pur øisimplu infrecventabil, se pare cæ existæ încæ destule mijloace curatoriale prin carevechile relaflii de putere sæ fie restabilite.Meciul dintre Vest øi VestDacæ New Museum fusese o zgripfluroaicæ øi pusese un blestem pe fostul bloc esticcu expoziflia ei despre ostalgie, MoMA [Museum of Modern Art] a încercat sæ-l protejezepe acesta de efectele nefaste ale blestemului prin lansarea proiectului C-MAPassumed and determined by a commitment, a conscience that,as such, is inevitably subjective and does not deludes itself with theintent of revealing the only “objective“ narrative possible, but definitelydoes not legitimate, from this only, any whim, and much lessexcuses someone, in the name of a curator-artist’s position, fromthe exigency of historical research and accuracy.In the nineties, the New Museum was one of the most radical alternativeinstitutions, the first that rasped all kinds of taboos andassumed sensibility for social issues in the immediate proximityof the SoHo’s commercial galleries. Today, its heir on Bowery, in theLower East Side once populated by Eastern European immigrantsand today by more than conveniently remunerated yuppies, retainsits old attitudes only through fashionable slogans – even up to dateones – present in its rhetoric. Behind the mask provided by buzzwordsand topoi stringing in the exhibition’s catalogue, the samedusty clichés whose encouraging disappearance is announced bythe new critical discourse are smuggled in. If at a theoretic andrhetorical level one cannot establish blunt hierarchies and subordinations,since the colonial viewpoint become simply tasteless, it seemsthat there are still plenty of curatorial means by which the old powerrelations may be restored.West–West MatchIf the New Museum was an old fairy who put a curse on the ex-Easternbloc with its Ostalgia exhibition then it is MoMA (Museum ofModern Art) that made an attempt to shield the region from thecurse’s damaging effect by launching its C-MAP (Contemporary andModern Art Perspectives) project, and by its Sanja Iveković exhibitionentitled Sweet Violence. 8If there is a loser in the changed discursive landscape – the crisis ofmodernism, expansion of the new critical theories, and broadeningof the scene – it is definitely MoMA, once the sacred temple of modernism.Nowadays, it has to tolerate such atrocities which wouldhave been unimaginable earlier; MoMA and its opinion and valuesystem is not so important anymore, as was declared by Ruth Noah,one of the curators of the latest Kassel documenta on the conferenceon Ivekovic’. When a local compatriot questioned what an “unknown“Eastern European woman is doing in MoMA, the answer came fromthe audience again, declaring that the artist is part of the canon(written elsewhere) and that MoMA is the one who is catching up.The main feature of the New York art scene is its aggressive competitiveness.If it gets knocked down, which rarely happens, but is thecase nowadays as a consequence of globalization, it pulls around,and reorients itself. It does not stick to dogmas or specific positions,but is very flexible indeed. The point is to survive and stay in competition.Concerning MoMA, its other virtue is its self-reflective attitude,that it is able to acknowledge the change in orientation, even ifit is not favorable to it; so it is ready to reposition itself. We are in themidst of the dynamic restructuring of the scene in New York City,part of which is an exchange of roles.In the nineties one of the ex-rivals of MoMA, and even a very criticalone, was the New Museum, which for now has lost some of its professionalprestige, offering light, easily digestible exhibitions thatprovide posh small-talk topics. MoMA, on the other hand, stood backfrom the spectacle and glamour of showbiz and made its audiencework intellectually; in the same way as the institution itself workshard for its repositioning. Its ongoing C-MAP project is a kind offace-lift, based on research (a key word of today’s discourse), whichin this case means acceptance of its own limited spectrum and arbitrariness.Thus, it is doing its best to correct the “handicap“ of beingfor quite a while the canonizing center of modernism through learning,travelling, and networking. Our geopolitical region is in the forefrontin this process of broadening the fields of interests of MoMAdue to its accumulated experiences that have become once againrelevant. In the core of this interest lies the region’s politically loaded,critical, and highly innovative art of the sixties and seventies, for89
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wartæ + societate / arts + society
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Aspirafliile celor care ar vrea sæ
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insert 138 Tomáš Svoboda: Ultimul
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6ei într-un institut, s-a impus ca
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8l-a condus la formularea unei teor
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26. Vezi Aby Warburg, „Über Plan
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Fig. 3. Battle for the Breeches,Nor
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Note:1. Publicat in Sitzungsbericht
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Fig. 2. Warburg Institute Archive,
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Fig. 5 a, b. From Karl Lamprecht,In
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20Textul pe care îl avea dl Britt
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Was hat aber die italienische Früh
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Traducerea în limba românæ a fos
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tica istoricæ“ a lui Spitzer, î
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Esenflial pentru o øtiinflæ care
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tatea nimfei extatice øi a melanco
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s-a amplificat în tentativa de a
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galerieLIST OF ERASED EXHIBITIONS20
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tive, programe discursive, suveniru
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+Bilete la ordin: de la crizæ la b
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+a „realizærii“. Anume, atunci
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+la 300% între 1990 øi 2005, jum
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+controlul Statelor Unite, Japoniei
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+nivelul cæmætarilor, împrumutur
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+rii, ce fusese anterior doar privi
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+În Spania, unde boomul speculafli
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+De exemplu: Sæ rezistæm de aøa
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+Cu toate acestea, credem cæ lupte
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+mulfli oameni færæ loc de muncæ
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versoPentru o teorie criticæa post
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versodominante, fiind important toc
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versoton, dialectica fusese o metod
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400117 RO ClujStr. Dorobanflilor, n
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www.ideaeditura.rowww.ideamagazine.