A Beginner's View of Our Electric Universe - New

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on how much of an ‘encouraging force’ is applied to the electrons in its atomic structure to make them move. Note that this will apply not just to the atoms of the 118 elements but also to combinations of these in all the varieties of molecules these elements form. Here you can consider the fact that tap water is a good example of an electrical conductor, and this is why you should never play with mains connected electrical gadgets while you are taking a bath! Now we can move on to look more closely at Plasma … the first state of matter. Plasma: what exactly is it? Well, if you continue to add energy to the atoms in a gas, eventually, some of the outer electrons will be stripped off the atoms to become free electrons. The atoms left behind will therefore have a net positive charge. The result is a gas that can conduct electricity and respond to electromagnetic fields. In line with the collective opinion of far better qualified folk, I consider plasma to be ‘the first form’ of matter. Some people would dispute this definition but I think it is substantial enough to defend, because from plasma, everything else can follow. It is interesting to note that supporters of the Big Bang theory often talk about there being nothing but plasma in the beginning! An active plasma state exists within any form of matter that has an electric current flowing through it. Unlike neutral matter that is made up of electrically balanced molecules and atoms that can be influenced by gravity, the actual active plasma (current flow) within any form of matter will not be influenced by gravity. Do you hear of cases where it is critical to have electric cables positioned in such a way that ensures the flow of electric current is in a downward direction into an electrical device? No, you do not. This is because there is an electrical pressure force that we call ‘voltage’ which pushes the electrons along the conductors of the cable. This is the same in every situation that involves matter in the plasma state. Gravity has no effect on electric current flow because the electric (electromagnetic - EM) force is far stronger than the force of gravity. Note here that the normal matter we interact with in our everyday lives on the surface of the Earth is mostly in an electrically balanced state and is therefore not influenced by the EM forces in our environment. Electrically neutral matter will therefore only respond to the force of gravity until an electrical imbalance in that matter is brought about; then the EM force can have an effect as well. In our everyday electrically neutral lives, we have no real direct contact with or awareness of electric current flow – unless, of course, we touch a bare live wire! Plasma is based on EM relationships, where electric fields and electric currents, with their associated magnetic fields, are the powerful influences that dictate what matter does when it is in the plasma state. We will later describe in greater detail what electromagnetism is, but for now, I will provide you with the most potent fact about it. The electric force is one thousand, billion, billion, billion, billion times more powerful than the force of gravity; this is the number ‘one’ with thirty-nine zeros following it, or to write this out in numeric form we have 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 … or 10 39 in scientific notation terms. This fact really drives the point home about which force can have the greatest influence on forms of matter when it is in an electrically imbalanced and therefore plasma state. 57 | Some basic theory that will help
This also brings one to wonder about a couple of other things; why this well-known fact is not more widely included in astro-science discussions and why, with their undoubted awareness of the EM force, the focus of the establishment’s research has traditionally always been on the force of gravity. Here are some everyday earthbound examples of where the plasma state of matter exists. Gas. The gas that glows inside a common neon tube is in a plasma state. It appears to us this way because an electric current is being forced to flow through it, a process that causes electrons to collide with atoms and light (radiation) as visible photon energy to be emitted. Liquid. The dilute liquid acid solution inside a lead-acid car battery allows the passage of electric current through it while it is being charged from an external source. In the opposite direction, it also allows a current to pass through it when the battery supplies its stored energy to, for example, the electric motor that starts the engine of the car. In addition, it also allows the passage of a very small amount of current through it while the battery is not in use. This natural action tends to discharge the battery and is called a leakage current. The current-carrying liquid in a lead-acid battery is known as the ‘electrolyte’ - it is liquid matter in a plasma state. Solid. Here we can legitimately consider the copper wire inside an electric cable that has an electric current flowing through it. Although the lattice structure of the metal atoms of the conductor is very rigid and typically remains that way, the flow of current within the copper wire defines that solid metal structure as being in a plasma state. These brief examples serve to tie all forms of matter together with the plasma state, but there are other very important facts to give. Current-carrying plasma presents itself to us in three states – these so-called ‘plasma modes’ being Dark, Glow and Arc, where each is considered to be a distinct state. Dark Mode is where we cannot see the plasma current but it is definitely there and it is definitely doing something at a relatively low power level. Glow Mode is where we can see what is going on with the plasma because photon energy is being given off as visible light due to the presence of a greater amount of energy and the subsequent energetic behaviour of sub-atomic particles. Arc Mode is matter in an extremely energetic (hot) plasma state, the radiation from which can be scary on large scales and severely damaging to humans! I will give some examples of where these modes are apparent and point out that the only difference between them is a combination of the electric pressure (voltage) applied and the density of the current available to flow within the plasma. 5 | Some basic theory that will help A decorative Plasma Ball © author
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A Beginner’s View of Our Electric
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Contents Dedication Acknowledgement
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science book, this book will requir
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Dedication For my wife Nora, my swe
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Gerard, your eye for detail has bee
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Foreword I continue to be amazed at
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And so why should the theories behi
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After having spent a good deal of t
Page 18 and 19: In terms of what I felt I could do
Page 20 and 21: In addition, my desire is to by-pas
Page 22 and 23: Each and every one of these things
Page 24 and 25: He believed that by including dark
Page 26 and 27: They are further thought of as star
Page 28 and 29: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Pulsar
Page 30 and 31: Redshift [1-10] , in the context of
Page 32 and 33: We have all seen Craters [1-13] in
Page 34 and 35: Despite this being the case it seem
Page 36 and 37: There have of course been very impo
Page 38 and 39: Having reached this point with grav
Page 40 and 41: make. People are not born to be sci
Page 42 and 43: The process of nuclear fusion is no
Page 44 and 45: We looked earlier at dark energy as
Page 46 and 47: This is just not possible to reconc
Page 48 and 49: to the effects of assumed, colossal
Page 50 and 51: They have therefore failed on every
Page 52 and 53: Comets were first described in 1950
Page 54 and 55: “If the Earth’s orbit were repr
Page 56 and 57: What if this powerful process based
Page 58 and 59: One such very expensive experiment
Page 60 and 61: … Young stars have been found in
Page 62 and 63: In the normal state where everythin
Page 64 and 65: We will go back to our model of a s
Page 66 and 67: The four fundamental states of matt
Page 70 and 71: Dark Mode: (Low Energy) • • •
Page 72 and 73: If a hydrogen atom has its single e
Page 74 and 75: 63 | Some basic theory that will he
Page 76 and 77: On the domestic scene, we often fin
Page 78 and 79: We experience two types of magnetis
Page 80 and 81: Getting back to electric currents a
Page 82 and 83: Here, the often powerful radiation
Page 84 and 85: This twisted form will come as no s
Page 86 and 87: These are all examples that involve
Page 88 and 89: • • • • • • • • Rad
Page 90 and 91: Helium is a gas with 2 protons and
Page 92 and 93: 5 | The work of the honourable but
Page 94 and 95: Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) was
Page 96 and 97: Birkeland’s name will be remember
Page 98 and 99: Here are some of Alfvén’s other
Page 100 and 101: Ralph E Juergens (1924 - 1979) [5-6
Page 102 and 103: This has been a look back into hist
Page 104 and 105: Donald E Scott. [5-11] is the third
Page 106 and 107: Many of these ‘star objects’ ap
Page 108 and 109: These variables are: regions of vas
Page 110 and 111: If a straight split of a star is ac
Page 112 and 113: There is one other item to highligh
Page 114 and 115: Producing planets and moons: I ment
Page 116 and 117: Here, it has been suggested that ju
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Given what has been said so far, go
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As development progressed in radio
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The way we do this today, however,
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Note that Nova is the name given to
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Is this a pipe-dream? I do not know
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Here is what this experiment infers
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This time, however, the types of ma
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Visually, it appears to us that bot
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that have no other significant valu
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In real life, a capacitor has two m
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The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
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As mentioned previously, comet Holm
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There are many other visual observa
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Astro-scientists interpret these pl
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Asteroids and comets are fundamenta
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When meteoroids become meteors as t
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Geology thoughts: I have looked clo
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Just before the copper projectile s
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It seems once again that what was k
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We can closely inspect many craters
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Consider the ‘doctored’ image o
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The central peaks often seen inside
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Vast areas of the hemispheres of pl
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How is it that the small bodies of
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Monument Valley Arizona - Source Wi
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The similarities between this chasm
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‘As seen in numerous counterparts
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It may therefore be NASA and ESA th
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These gullies have an almost errati
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Flat Top Mesa It may just be me, bu
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In terms of the job I originally se
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Given that these electrical process
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We need to find the more worthy sci
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important reason behind me writing
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And finally ... Why should any of t
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[1-13] Wikipedia article - “Impac
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Chapter Five References: [5-1] Kris
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[6-23] Wal Thornhill, “Mystery of
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[6-5 ] TPOD - “Meteor Crater in A
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