A Beginner's View of Our Electric Universe - New

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If a hydrogen atom has its single electron and single proton separated, then one negative free electron and one positive ion will be the result. Hydrogen will be very important to consider as we progress, so remember this in particular. Additionally, molecules of gas and solid matter such as dust that have an overall positive or a negative charge because of either an electron excess or deficiency, are also included here in the definition of ions. Any atom or molecule needs only to have one single electron missing or in addition to be defined as such. Be aware also that the process through which ions are formed is called ‘ionisation’. The plasma state is found in gases, liquids and solids everywhere. It is therefore not wrong to consider that with the exception of similar conditions on other planets like our own, absolutely everything outside our thin ‘electrically deceptive’ protective biosphere here on the surface of Earth, is plasma in one or other of its states. This is why we say the universe is made up of 99.99% plasma. Temperature and energy: Matter that is not being unduly influenced by external electrical or magnetic forces may tend to have a natural ‘drift’ of electrons and charged molecules within it. This minor activity manifests as a constant ‘balancing out’ interaction of ions that can be viewed as the natural ‘background exchange of energy’ that produces an overall electric neutrality for the matter in question. This particle motion is random and is brought about by energy (temperature) in the environment. It is known as ‘Brownian Motion’. Think of it as the natural level of energy that something has before its temperature is changed by an external influence. It is also common to refer to the ‘temperature’ of matter as its ‘energy level’ or ‘energy content’. As an example, consider where we have air in a sealed room and no special conditions in place. The molecules of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases that make up the air will float about in a chaotic mix, occasionally bumping into one another and perhaps exchanging the odd electron here and there. This low level of energetic motion represents the ‘natural temperature’ of the air in that room. The energy involved is not very useful while it is at normal room temperature. However, it would become useful if the temperature of the air were raised through some means to a higher level, especially on a cold day. In that case, the molecules of air would be moving around in a faster, more chaotic fashion so the energy they would be able to impart to other forms of matter might be felt, for instance, by us as heat on our skin. At the low end of the scale of temperature we have levels of coldness. If we could cool matter down enough so that all sub-atomic motion is stopped, then that matter would be said to have no energy associated with it at all. This, however, is an apparently impossible level to reach, for everything we are aware of must maintain just the tiniest amount of energy for its structure to be preserved. This level of zero energy is theoretical and has a temperature scale associated with it that starts at the ‘no energy level of zero’. This is known as the Kelvin scale where zero degrees Kelvin equals no energy whatsoever, no movement of electrons, molecules, or anything. Nothing can reach 0K, but science has come very close indeed. In terms of how the Kelvin scale relates to the Celsius scale, 0˚C is the same as 273K, so this means that minus 273˚C is the same as 0K, or what is known as ‘absolute zero’. Note that temperatures quoted in Kelvin do not usually have the degree ˚ symbol included. 61 | Some basic theory that will help
Electricity This should be easier for us to understand now that we have looked at the basic building blocks. Electric current flow results when an electric or magnetic field is applied to matter in a way that produces within that matter, a communal flow of electrons. As a concept, this will be the case with any form of matter. If we put magnetic fields to one side for now, the force to consider first is the electric field. This is the force that is responsible for us receiving a shock from a door handle when we walk on a nylon carpet and the one that allows us to stick balloons to walls by first rubbing them on something made of wool or nylon. It is called the Electro Motive Force (‘emf’ for short). The effect of this force is to align the negatively charged electrons inside any form of conductor like strings of connected train carriages. If an electric pressure force is applied at one end of this string, the effect is seen instantaneously at the other end. If a complete circuit is then formed, the resulting movement of these communally aligned electrons past a given point in that circuit is what we call electric current. In truth, the flow itself is excruciatingly slow by our normal understanding of speed. I will also point out that the word ‘electricity’ is not a very precise term because it does not just represent one thing; it actually includes two components: The first of these is the voltage or emf force that influences electrons to move communally in a particular direction. This is the force we sometimes call ‘potential’ or ‘pressure’, or if we are comparing it to another level of voltage, the ‘potential difference’. All these terms really mean the same thing and the unit used to measure voltage is the ‘Volt’. The second component is the density of the flow of electrons when a voltage difference exists to make that happen. This flow, referred to as current flow or just current, is measured in ‘Amperes’ (this term is normally shortened to Amp or Amps). The unit of Amperes just means the number of electrons physically moving past a certain point in a given amount of time. Lots of electrons per second mean lots of amps, perhaps in the order of many thousands, and not so many electrons per second means a very low density of current, perhaps a few millionths of an amp. These minuscule levels of current are around the same that operate within our own body to send signals to our brain and from our brain to our muscles. Now we know it is voltage and current together that defines the broader term ‘electricity’. We have looked closely at current so I will say a bit more now about Voltage. In an alternative sense, you can imagine this as the force behind the water you see flowing out of a tap when you turn it on. This is a good analogy because you can also think about the rate at which the water comes out of the tap, this being like the current density. This idea works well, because when we open the tap up a little more to increase the pressure behind the flow of water, it gets faster, so we get more water (more current). This is exactly the same as what happens when we consider how electricity basically behaves - varying the voltage up and down will vary the current flow in a similar way. The voltage is the driving force for the electrons, where this can range on Earth from very low values like those inside your body or your mobile phone or computer, to levels that drive lightning strikes that blow trees apart and can send you to the hospital if you are lucky, or to the morgue if you are not! 62 | Some basic theory that will help
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A Beginner’s View of Our Electric
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Contents Dedication Acknowledgement
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science book, this book will requir
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Dedication For my wife Nora, my swe
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Gerard, your eye for detail has bee
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Foreword I continue to be amazed at
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And so why should the theories behi
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After having spent a good deal of t
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In terms of what I felt I could do
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In addition, my desire is to by-pas
Page 22 and 23: Each and every one of these things
Page 24 and 25: He believed that by including dark
Page 26 and 27: They are further thought of as star
Page 28 and 29: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Pulsar
Page 30 and 31: Redshift [1-10] , in the context of
Page 32 and 33: We have all seen Craters [1-13] in
Page 34 and 35: Despite this being the case it seem
Page 36 and 37: There have of course been very impo
Page 38 and 39: Having reached this point with grav
Page 40 and 41: make. People are not born to be sci
Page 42 and 43: The process of nuclear fusion is no
Page 44 and 45: We looked earlier at dark energy as
Page 46 and 47: This is just not possible to reconc
Page 48 and 49: to the effects of assumed, colossal
Page 50 and 51: They have therefore failed on every
Page 52 and 53: Comets were first described in 1950
Page 54 and 55: “If the Earth’s orbit were repr
Page 56 and 57: What if this powerful process based
Page 58 and 59: One such very expensive experiment
Page 60 and 61: … Young stars have been found in
Page 62 and 63: In the normal state where everythin
Page 64 and 65: We will go back to our model of a s
Page 66 and 67: The four fundamental states of matt
Page 68 and 69: on how much of an ‘encouraging fo
Page 70 and 71: Dark Mode: (Low Energy) • • •
Page 74 and 75: 63 | Some basic theory that will he
Page 76 and 77: On the domestic scene, we often fin
Page 78 and 79: We experience two types of magnetis
Page 80 and 81: Getting back to electric currents a
Page 82 and 83: Here, the often powerful radiation
Page 84 and 85: This twisted form will come as no s
Page 86 and 87: These are all examples that involve
Page 88 and 89: • • • • • • • • Rad
Page 90 and 91: Helium is a gas with 2 protons and
Page 92 and 93: 5 | The work of the honourable but
Page 94 and 95: Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) was
Page 96 and 97: Birkeland’s name will be remember
Page 98 and 99: Here are some of Alfvén’s other
Page 100 and 101: Ralph E Juergens (1924 - 1979) [5-6
Page 102 and 103: This has been a look back into hist
Page 104 and 105: Donald E Scott. [5-11] is the third
Page 106 and 107: Many of these ‘star objects’ ap
Page 108 and 109: These variables are: regions of vas
Page 110 and 111: If a straight split of a star is ac
Page 112 and 113: There is one other item to highligh
Page 114 and 115: Producing planets and moons: I ment
Page 116 and 117: Here, it has been suggested that ju
Page 118 and 119: Given what has been said so far, go
Page 120 and 121: As development progressed in radio
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The way we do this today, however,
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Note that Nova is the name given to
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Is this a pipe-dream? I do not know
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Here is what this experiment infers
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This time, however, the types of ma
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Visually, it appears to us that bot
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that have no other significant valu
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In real life, a capacitor has two m
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The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
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As mentioned previously, comet Holm
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There are many other visual observa
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Astro-scientists interpret these pl
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Asteroids and comets are fundamenta
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When meteoroids become meteors as t
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Geology thoughts: I have looked clo
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Just before the copper projectile s
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It seems once again that what was k
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We can closely inspect many craters
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Consider the ‘doctored’ image o
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The central peaks often seen inside
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Vast areas of the hemispheres of pl
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How is it that the small bodies of
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Monument Valley Arizona - Source Wi
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The similarities between this chasm
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‘As seen in numerous counterparts
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It may therefore be NASA and ESA th
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These gullies have an almost errati
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Flat Top Mesa It may just be me, bu
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In terms of the job I originally se
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Given that these electrical process
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We need to find the more worthy sci
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important reason behind me writing
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And finally ... Why should any of t
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[1-13] Wikipedia article - “Impac
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Chapter Five References: [5-1] Kris
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[6-23] Wal Thornhill, “Mystery of
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[6-5 ] TPOD - “Meteor Crater in A
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