A Beginner's View of Our Electric Universe - New

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Dark Mode: (Low Energy) • • • • • A household ‘Ioniser’ for air purification. The flow of electric current during the ‘Electro-Plating’ process. The beam of electrons that flows inside the Cathode Ray Tube of a television. The flow of electric current in your body that you feel as a shock when you touch a live wire. The flow of electric current through the Liquid Crystal Display of a computer screen. Glow Mode: (Medium Energy) • • • • • The action inside a neon tube when its gas is stimulated to give off light. The glowing filaments you see inside a decorative Plasma Ball. The glow that results on the screen of a Cathode Ray Tube when it displays visible images. The glow given off from a Comet’s tail. The Aurora we see in the sky over the North and South Poles. Arc Mode: (High Energy) • • • • • The Lightning we see during an Electric Storm. The blinding glow we should not look at when Electric Arc Welding is being done. Action in the Sun’s Photosphere and on other stars as they give off brilliant light and heat. The brightly glowing areas that erupt on Comet surfaces as they get close to the Sun. The spark that is generated by the Spark-Plugs in your car engine to ignite the fuel. These are all examples of plasma with different levels of voltage pressure applied and different levels of current density flowing through it. We cannot ‘see’ electric current flow, we can only see the effects of it. If there is a large amount of energy involved then we need to take care because the photon energy given off as radiation can be significantly dangerous for us. A good example of this is with electric arc welding. Here, high-energy photons are radiated away because powerful electric currents flow that melt metal. This EM radiation is in the form of ultra-violet rays and X-rays, both of which can seriously damage our eyes and other body tissues. 5 | Some basic theory that will help
This is why people who weld wear visors that have special glass to stop harmful radiation from passing through. The same goes for when we may sometimes be tempted to look directly at the Sun; do not do it, for there is a significant amount of ultra-violet radiation present. Although the Sun’s perceived brightness is itself damaging, it is the invisible radiation that will do us most harm. VOLTAGE Dark Glow CURRENT ABRUPT CHANGES We said previously that neutral atoms are that way because they have a balance of positive and negative charges between protons and electrons and that their neutrons play no part. With this in mind, here is a more precise description of what plasma is. If a neutral atom were to lose one of its electrons it would be defined as a 'Positive Ion' because it would be left with an overall positive charge. The electron then free to move around could be called a 'Negative Ion' because of its overall negative charge. So here we see that it is the absence of electrons that defines positive ions, and electrons on their own or in groups can be defined as negative ions. Take note that just as individual electrons are defined as negative ions, individual protons are defined as positive ions. 60 | Some basic theory that will help Arc Electrons, Ionised Atoms and Molecules © author Here is a diagram that shows us the differences between the three states of plasma. Note the relationship between voltage and current levels. As the voltage increases while a large current is available to flow, the plasma will transition very abruptly between each mode. You may recall what happens when a fluorescent light is switched on. In this diagram, the sharp transition between the dark and glow modes is what you see as a short flicker before the tube reaches a steady output in the glow mode. The three plasma states © author Negative Ions Sub-atomic Particle Atom Molecule = Electron = Proton = Neutron Positive Ions (Plus an Electron) (Minus an Electron)
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A Beginner’s View of Our Electric
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Contents Dedication Acknowledgement
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science book, this book will requir
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Dedication For my wife Nora, my swe
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Gerard, your eye for detail has bee
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Foreword I continue to be amazed at
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And so why should the theories behi
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After having spent a good deal of t
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In terms of what I felt I could do
Page 20 and 21: In addition, my desire is to by-pas
Page 22 and 23: Each and every one of these things
Page 24 and 25: He believed that by including dark
Page 26 and 27: They are further thought of as star
Page 28 and 29: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Pulsar
Page 30 and 31: Redshift [1-10] , in the context of
Page 32 and 33: We have all seen Craters [1-13] in
Page 34 and 35: Despite this being the case it seem
Page 36 and 37: There have of course been very impo
Page 38 and 39: Having reached this point with grav
Page 40 and 41: make. People are not born to be sci
Page 42 and 43: The process of nuclear fusion is no
Page 44 and 45: We looked earlier at dark energy as
Page 46 and 47: This is just not possible to reconc
Page 48 and 49: to the effects of assumed, colossal
Page 50 and 51: They have therefore failed on every
Page 52 and 53: Comets were first described in 1950
Page 54 and 55: “If the Earth’s orbit were repr
Page 56 and 57: What if this powerful process based
Page 58 and 59: One such very expensive experiment
Page 60 and 61: … Young stars have been found in
Page 62 and 63: In the normal state where everythin
Page 64 and 65: We will go back to our model of a s
Page 66 and 67: The four fundamental states of matt
Page 68 and 69: on how much of an ‘encouraging fo
Page 72 and 73: If a hydrogen atom has its single e
Page 74 and 75: 63 | Some basic theory that will he
Page 76 and 77: On the domestic scene, we often fin
Page 78 and 79: We experience two types of magnetis
Page 80 and 81: Getting back to electric currents a
Page 82 and 83: Here, the often powerful radiation
Page 84 and 85: This twisted form will come as no s
Page 86 and 87: These are all examples that involve
Page 88 and 89: • • • • • • • • Rad
Page 90 and 91: Helium is a gas with 2 protons and
Page 92 and 93: 5 | The work of the honourable but
Page 94 and 95: Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) was
Page 96 and 97: Birkeland’s name will be remember
Page 98 and 99: Here are some of Alfvén’s other
Page 100 and 101: Ralph E Juergens (1924 - 1979) [5-6
Page 102 and 103: This has been a look back into hist
Page 104 and 105: Donald E Scott. [5-11] is the third
Page 106 and 107: Many of these ‘star objects’ ap
Page 108 and 109: These variables are: regions of vas
Page 110 and 111: If a straight split of a star is ac
Page 112 and 113: There is one other item to highligh
Page 114 and 115: Producing planets and moons: I ment
Page 116 and 117: Here, it has been suggested that ju
Page 118 and 119: Given what has been said so far, go
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As development progressed in radio
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The way we do this today, however,
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Note that Nova is the name given to
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Is this a pipe-dream? I do not know
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Here is what this experiment infers
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This time, however, the types of ma
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Visually, it appears to us that bot
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that have no other significant valu
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In real life, a capacitor has two m
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The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
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As mentioned previously, comet Holm
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There are many other visual observa
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Astro-scientists interpret these pl
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Asteroids and comets are fundamenta
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When meteoroids become meteors as t
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Geology thoughts: I have looked clo
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Just before the copper projectile s
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It seems once again that what was k
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We can closely inspect many craters
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Consider the ‘doctored’ image o
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The central peaks often seen inside
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Vast areas of the hemispheres of pl
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How is it that the small bodies of
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Monument Valley Arizona - Source Wi
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The similarities between this chasm
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‘As seen in numerous counterparts
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It may therefore be NASA and ESA th
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These gullies have an almost errati
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Flat Top Mesa It may just be me, bu
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In terms of the job I originally se
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Given that these electrical process
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We need to find the more worthy sci
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important reason behind me writing
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And finally ... Why should any of t
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[1-13] Wikipedia article - “Impac
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Chapter Five References: [5-1] Kris
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[6-23] Wal Thornhill, “Mystery of
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[6-5 ] TPOD - “Meteor Crater in A
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A Beginner's View of Our Electric Universe - New

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