A Beginner's View of Our Electric Universe - New

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63 | Some basic theory that will help Voltage levels in space go far beyond those that drive lightning strikes. Here in our biosphere on Earth we have always been safely protected from those much more extreme forces and so are understandably unaware of them. The fact is, the levels of electrical power in space are impossible for us humans to appreciate. This limitation has, however, not stopped the study by some scientists of these extreme levels of energy. We can and do manufacture on small scales in our electrical and plasma science laboratories, very powerful levels of voltage pressure indeed. The person most famous in this area of research is probably Nicola Tesla, a man I will mention again later. An important thing to point out at this stage is the term ‘polarity’. In electric circuits there normally exists a voltage difference between one area and another, a condition that can cause current to flow in a particular direction between those areas. Polarity is what we use to represent the state of voltage (charge difference) that will dictate the direction of current flow. We refer to this charge state by the terms positive and negative, just like when we were talking about charges associated with atoms and their sub-atomic building blocks. One side of an electric circuit can be more positive or negative than the other side, but this is a relative thing because voltages can constantly vary. If a positive ‘node’ (point or area) in a circuit varies to become more negative, any other node previously seen as negative in relation to it might then be seen as positive. Try to follow this explanation in the diagram provided here. It is helpful to have an appreciation of this variable relationship in your mind when we talk about current flow, especially if we consider current flow in plasma in space. Voltages in respect to each other and subsequent current flow direction © author A powerful force indeed! © author’s wife Voltage 1+ Voltages Equal (No Current Flow) Current Flow Current Flow Voltages Equal (No Current Flow) Current Flow = Electron Flow Voltage 2 + Voltage 1- Voltage 2 -
For completeness, I must tell you there are two systems by which we refer to current flow; conventional current flow and electron flow. The normal domestic system uses ‘conventional flow’ which means the flow of electric current from positive to negative. This is opposite to what you will have picked up already so I will explain. The other term ‘electron flow’ is where we talk about the flow of electrons from negative to positive. The actual effect these terms represent is precisely the same thing, so the only aspect to note is that conventional current flow says that ‘holes’ (the places where electrons are missing from) flow in the opposite direction to electrons. This can be confusing but it is important when reading about electricity to be aware of this distinction, so please file it away for future reference. For the sake of clarity in this book when I refer to current flow, you can rest assured that I mean electron flow from negative to positive, unless, of course, I deliberately say otherwise. We now need to add another aspect to our discourse here on electricity, one that relates to the natural effect that electrical conductors have that tends to ‘hold back’ the flow of electrons through them. Despite what conventional astro-science says, gas in the plasma state in space is not a ‘perfect conductor’ that has no resistance to current flow. The voltage you could measure at one point of a circuit within plasma is not the same voltage you would measure at another point, so a voltage drop exists that defines a potential difference which therefore allows current flow between the two points in question. When current flow occurs in any conductor (let us stay here with gas in the plasma state) a small amount of energy gets lost through the electrons encountering a ‘natural drag effect’ within that conductor. This drag or ‘resistance’ means that energy is being wasted (actually as heat) so it is usually referred to as a ‘loss’ to the overall amount of energy in the circuit. The resistance within plasma, however, is not very great at all so the losses are low, and so plasma, overall, is considered a very good conductor, but significantly, not the perfect conductor that certain astro-scientists would have us believe. The exact same thing happens with electric cables due to their resistance in any commercial or domestic setting. Sometimes, the electric energy lost within a cable can be so great due to the cable’s internal resistance and the current flow within it being very high, that the cable itself will heat up noticeably, perhaps to the point where it melts its insulating cover or even the copper metal of the conductor inside. This allows us to understand the concept of a thin wire safety fuse in the home situation that vaporises in a flash and bang when too much current passes through it, thereby avoiding damage occurring to some item of domestic electrical equipment. If electric current can flow in one direction around a circuit, then it can be made to flow in the other direction as well by changing the polarity of the supply voltage. If we did this in the case of a simple circuit with a battery and a bulb, it would not make any difference to the bulb whichever way the current was flowing through it - it would still be at the same brightness determined by the power delivered from the battery. We call this type of steady, single-direction current flow ‘Direct Current’ (DC) and it does not just apply to batteries, it applies to current-conducting plasma as well. DC usually provides a constant level of electron flow, but this will reduce when the voltage pressure available to push the electrons along gets weak, i.e. when a battery loses its charge. DC power is the form of electricity we will be talking about when we discuss charged plasma in space. 64 | Some basic theory that will help
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A Beginner’s View of Our Electric
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Contents Dedication Acknowledgement
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science book, this book will requir
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Dedication For my wife Nora, my swe
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Gerard, your eye for detail has bee
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Foreword I continue to be amazed at
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And so why should the theories behi
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After having spent a good deal of t
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In terms of what I felt I could do
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In addition, my desire is to by-pas
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Each and every one of these things
Page 24 and 25: He believed that by including dark
Page 26 and 27: They are further thought of as star
Page 28 and 29: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Pulsar
Page 30 and 31: Redshift [1-10] , in the context of
Page 32 and 33: We have all seen Craters [1-13] in
Page 34 and 35: Despite this being the case it seem
Page 36 and 37: There have of course been very impo
Page 38 and 39: Having reached this point with grav
Page 40 and 41: make. People are not born to be sci
Page 42 and 43: The process of nuclear fusion is no
Page 44 and 45: We looked earlier at dark energy as
Page 46 and 47: This is just not possible to reconc
Page 48 and 49: to the effects of assumed, colossal
Page 50 and 51: They have therefore failed on every
Page 52 and 53: Comets were first described in 1950
Page 54 and 55: “If the Earth’s orbit were repr
Page 56 and 57: What if this powerful process based
Page 58 and 59: One such very expensive experiment
Page 60 and 61: … Young stars have been found in
Page 62 and 63: In the normal state where everythin
Page 64 and 65: We will go back to our model of a s
Page 66 and 67: The four fundamental states of matt
Page 68 and 69: on how much of an ‘encouraging fo
Page 70 and 71: Dark Mode: (Low Energy) • • •
Page 72 and 73: If a hydrogen atom has its single e
Page 76 and 77: On the domestic scene, we often fin
Page 78 and 79: We experience two types of magnetis
Page 80 and 81: Getting back to electric currents a
Page 82 and 83: Here, the often powerful radiation
Page 84 and 85: This twisted form will come as no s
Page 86 and 87: These are all examples that involve
Page 88 and 89: • • • • • • • • Rad
Page 90 and 91: Helium is a gas with 2 protons and
Page 92 and 93: 5 | The work of the honourable but
Page 94 and 95: Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) was
Page 96 and 97: Birkeland’s name will be remember
Page 98 and 99: Here are some of Alfvén’s other
Page 100 and 101: Ralph E Juergens (1924 - 1979) [5-6
Page 102 and 103: This has been a look back into hist
Page 104 and 105: Donald E Scott. [5-11] is the third
Page 106 and 107: Many of these ‘star objects’ ap
Page 108 and 109: These variables are: regions of vas
Page 110 and 111: If a straight split of a star is ac
Page 112 and 113: There is one other item to highligh
Page 114 and 115: Producing planets and moons: I ment
Page 116 and 117: Here, it has been suggested that ju
Page 118 and 119: Given what has been said so far, go
Page 120 and 121: As development progressed in radio
Page 122 and 123: The way we do this today, however,
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Note that Nova is the name given to
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Is this a pipe-dream? I do not know
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Here is what this experiment infers
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This time, however, the types of ma
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Visually, it appears to us that bot
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that have no other significant valu
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In real life, a capacitor has two m
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The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
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As mentioned previously, comet Holm
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There are many other visual observa
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Astro-scientists interpret these pl
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Asteroids and comets are fundamenta
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When meteoroids become meteors as t
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Geology thoughts: I have looked clo
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Just before the copper projectile s
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It seems once again that what was k
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We can closely inspect many craters
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Consider the ‘doctored’ image o
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The central peaks often seen inside
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Vast areas of the hemispheres of pl
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How is it that the small bodies of
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Monument Valley Arizona - Source Wi
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The similarities between this chasm
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‘As seen in numerous counterparts
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It may therefore be NASA and ESA th
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These gullies have an almost errati
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Flat Top Mesa It may just be me, bu
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In terms of the job I originally se
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Given that these electrical process
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We need to find the more worthy sci
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important reason behind me writing
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And finally ... Why should any of t
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[1-13] Wikipedia article - “Impac
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Chapter Five References: [5-1] Kris
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[6-23] Wal Thornhill, “Mystery of
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[6-5 ] TPOD - “Meteor Crater in A
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