A Beginner's View of Our Electric Universe - New

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On the domestic scene, we often find batteries acting as sources of direct current and voltage. This is the DC power that operates electric and electronic components within various devices around our home and in most of the portable devices we carry with us. When we later consider how electric power builds up and is stored then released within charged space plasma, you will see that it involves a very similar action to that of a battery. There is an electronic component worth mentioning that does something very similar to what a battery does; it is also one that works in a way that will assist with our understanding of plasma effects when we discuss them later. This component is called a ‘capacitor’. One major difference between batteries and capacitors is that batteries normally supply electric power over a period of time before they run down. Capacitors, however, can ‘take in’ and ‘give out’ electric power very rapidly, while storing that power in-between. We will scale this idea up later to a tremendous level when we look at space plasma in greater detail. MAINS SUPPLIED ALTERNATING CURRENT AC 65 | Some basic theory that will help The direction of current flow does not matter © author There is another approach to current flow that is even more involved in our normal everyday lives. This is where we have ‘Alternating Current’ (AC). This is the type of current flow that is present in our mains supply at home and all around us in the industry of the modern world. Alternating current goes both ways © author The direction of AC current flow actually changes all the time by going back and forth along a wire many times in a second. This is because the voltage polarity at the location from where the electric current is being generated is changing back and forth from negative to positive to negative to positive, continuously. This rate of change is 50 complete times (cycles) per second here in the UK and 60 cycles per second in the US. All other countries use one or other of these standards for their mains electricity supply frequency. The idea of having either a steady DC voltage and current or an alternating AC voltage and current is a general one to remember. Just so that you know the origin of the labels ‘volts’ and ‘amps’, ‘volts’ is attributed to the work of Alessandro Volta, an Italian Physicist, and ‘amps’ or ‘amperes’ is attributed to the work of André-Marie Ampère, a French Physicist.
Magnetism I sidelined magnetic fields in the previous section to first describe electric fields and the current flow they produce. I now return to magnetic fields to explain how they also bring about current flow. When we have a conducting path in the form of a complete circuit, such as with either of the two revolving loops of copper wire shown in the diagram here, then we have a route around which electrons can flow communally if some force is applied to make them do that. There will be no flow of electrons in either loop to begin with, but if we introduce the effect of a magnetic field that is moving ‘relatively’ to those loops, then the free electrons in the copper will be influenced to all move in the same direction around the loops. Example of how the relative direction of motion of magnetic field or wire conductor gives direction to current flow in a wire © author This means that any current flow initiated will have a definite polarity (direction), one that is associated with the direction of movement of the magnetic field responsible. It is important to note here that all directions of motion are linked. If we were to reverse the direction of the magnetic field or the direction of movement of the wire, then the current in the wire would flow in the opposite direction to that which it did before. By changing one, not both, we would have made the current flow first in one direction then the other. This is the concept that was mentioned previously in the description of AC power generation. The important thing to keep in mind is that to induce current flow (make it happen), magnetic fields and conductors need to move ‘in relation’ to one another. This is basically how AC power is generated in power stations, but of course, through much more sophisticated and powerful equipment. For our purpose here, which especially involves plasma as the conducting medium, we will be concentrating on situations where, through their dynamic motion, magnetic fields will influence current to flow in one direction only (DC). If we replace the idea of using a wire with a conducting plasma circuit within a large region of plasma in space, the result would be just the same if we were to come along with a big enough magnetic field. Magnetic fields in space are dynamic (ever-changing) and they are to be found all over the place (they are ubiquitous). They are especially concentrated around bodies such as galaxies, stars, planets and in and around filaments and concentrations of plasma. Any images this may bring to your mind, especially on a grand scale, will be helpful for what is to come, so hold on to those images. 66 | Some basic theory that will help Direction Electrons Influenced to Flow Down Up
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A Beginner’s View of Our Electric
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Contents Dedication Acknowledgement
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science book, this book will requir
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Dedication For my wife Nora, my swe
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Gerard, your eye for detail has bee
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Foreword I continue to be amazed at
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And so why should the theories behi
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After having spent a good deal of t
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In terms of what I felt I could do
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In addition, my desire is to by-pas
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Each and every one of these things
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He believed that by including dark
Page 26 and 27: They are further thought of as star
Page 28 and 29: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Pulsar
Page 30 and 31: Redshift [1-10] , in the context of
Page 32 and 33: We have all seen Craters [1-13] in
Page 34 and 35: Despite this being the case it seem
Page 36 and 37: There have of course been very impo
Page 38 and 39: Having reached this point with grav
Page 40 and 41: make. People are not born to be sci
Page 42 and 43: The process of nuclear fusion is no
Page 44 and 45: We looked earlier at dark energy as
Page 46 and 47: This is just not possible to reconc
Page 48 and 49: to the effects of assumed, colossal
Page 50 and 51: They have therefore failed on every
Page 52 and 53: Comets were first described in 1950
Page 54 and 55: “If the Earth’s orbit were repr
Page 56 and 57: What if this powerful process based
Page 58 and 59: One such very expensive experiment
Page 60 and 61: … Young stars have been found in
Page 62 and 63: In the normal state where everythin
Page 64 and 65: We will go back to our model of a s
Page 66 and 67: The four fundamental states of matt
Page 68 and 69: on how much of an ‘encouraging fo
Page 70 and 71: Dark Mode: (Low Energy) • • •
Page 72 and 73: If a hydrogen atom has its single e
Page 74 and 75: 63 | Some basic theory that will he
Page 78 and 79: We experience two types of magnetis
Page 80 and 81: Getting back to electric currents a
Page 82 and 83: Here, the often powerful radiation
Page 84 and 85: This twisted form will come as no s
Page 86 and 87: These are all examples that involve
Page 88 and 89: • • • • • • • • Rad
Page 90 and 91: Helium is a gas with 2 protons and
Page 92 and 93: 5 | The work of the honourable but
Page 94 and 95: Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) was
Page 96 and 97: Birkeland’s name will be remember
Page 98 and 99: Here are some of Alfvén’s other
Page 100 and 101: Ralph E Juergens (1924 - 1979) [5-6
Page 102 and 103: This has been a look back into hist
Page 104 and 105: Donald E Scott. [5-11] is the third
Page 106 and 107: Many of these ‘star objects’ ap
Page 108 and 109: These variables are: regions of vas
Page 110 and 111: If a straight split of a star is ac
Page 112 and 113: There is one other item to highligh
Page 114 and 115: Producing planets and moons: I ment
Page 116 and 117: Here, it has been suggested that ju
Page 118 and 119: Given what has been said so far, go
Page 120 and 121: As development progressed in radio
Page 122 and 123: The way we do this today, however,
Page 124 and 125: Note that Nova is the name given to
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Is this a pipe-dream? I do not know
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Here is what this experiment infers
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This time, however, the types of ma
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Visually, it appears to us that bot
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that have no other significant valu
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In real life, a capacitor has two m
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The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud
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As mentioned previously, comet Holm
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There are many other visual observa
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Astro-scientists interpret these pl
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Asteroids and comets are fundamenta
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When meteoroids become meteors as t
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Geology thoughts: I have looked clo
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Just before the copper projectile s
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It seems once again that what was k
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We can closely inspect many craters
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Consider the ‘doctored’ image o
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The central peaks often seen inside
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Vast areas of the hemispheres of pl
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How is it that the small bodies of
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Monument Valley Arizona - Source Wi
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The similarities between this chasm
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‘As seen in numerous counterparts
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It may therefore be NASA and ESA th
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These gullies have an almost errati
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Flat Top Mesa It may just be me, bu
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In terms of the job I originally se
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Given that these electrical process
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We need to find the more worthy sci
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important reason behind me writing
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And finally ... Why should any of t
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[1-13] Wikipedia article - “Impac
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Chapter Five References: [5-1] Kris
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[6-23] Wal Thornhill, “Mystery of
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[6-5 ] TPOD - “Meteor Crater in A
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