The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis, J. 1995: Letter Orders from Sippar and the Administration of the Ebabbara in the Late Babylonian Period, Poznan. Matthews, D. M. 1990: Principles of Composition in Near Eastern Glyptic of the Later Second Millennium B.C. (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Series Archaeologica 8), Freiburg Schweitz and Göttingen. –––– 1992: The Kassite Glyptic of Nippur (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 116), Freiburg Schweitz and Göttingen. Nissen, H. J. 1977: ‘Aspects of the development of early cylinder seals’, in Gibson, McG. and Biggs, R. D. (eds), Seals and Sealing in the Ancient Near East (Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 6), Malibu (Undena Publications), pp. 15–23. Özgüç, N. 1980: ‘Seal impressions from Acemhöyük’, in Porada, E. (ed.), Ancient Art in Seals, Princeton (University Press), pp. 61–100. Porada, E. 1947: ‘Suggestions for the classification of Neo-Babylonian cylinder seals’, Orientalia 16: 145–65. –––– 1981: ‘The cylinder seals found at Thebes in Boeotia’, Archiv für Orientforschung 28: 1–78. –––– 1993: ‘Why cylinder seals? Engraved cylindrical seal stones of the Ancient Near East, fourth to first millennium B.C.’, The Art Bulletin 75/4, pp. 563–82. Sax, M., Meeks, N. D. and Collon, D.: ‘The early development of the lapidary engraving wheel in Mesopotamia’, Iraq 62: 157–76. Teissier, B. 1994: Sealing and Seals on Texts from Kültepe karum Level 2 (Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul LXX), Leiden. –––– 1998: ‘Sealing and seals: Seal impressions from the reign of Hammurabi on tablets from Sippar in the British Museum’, Iraq 60: 109–86. Van Lerberghe, K. and Voet, G. 1991: Sippar-Amnanum – The Ur-Utu Archive (Mesopotamian History and Environment III, Texts 1), Ghent. Wallenfels, R. 1994: Uruk – Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection I. Cuneiform Tablets (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Uruk Endberichte 19), Mainz am Rhein (Philipp von Zabern). –––– 1996: ‘Private seals and sealing practices at Hellenistic Uruk’, in Boussac, M.-F. and Invernizzi, A. (eds), Archives et sceaux du monde hellénistique – Torino, Villa Gualino 13–16 gennaio 1993 (Bulletin de correspondence hellénique, Supplément 29), pp. 113–29. Watanabe, K. 1995: ‘Beschriftete neubabylonische Siegel’, in H.I.H. Prince Takahito Mikasa (ed.), Essays on Ancient Anatolia and its Surrounding Civilizations, Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz), pp. 225–34. Weitemeyer, M., Porada, E. and Lampl, P. 1962: Some Aspects of the Hiring of Workers in the Sippar Region in the Time of Hammurabi, Copenhagen. Wittmann, B. 1992: ‘Babylonische Rollsiegel des 11.-7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Baghdader Mitteilungen 23: 169–289. Wunsch, C. 1993: Die Urkunden des babylonischen Geschäftsmannes Iddin-Marduk. Zum Handel mit Naturalien im 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (Cuneiform Monographs 3), Groningen. –––– 1997–1998: ‘Und die Richter berieten . . . – Streitfälle in Babylon aus der Zeit Neriglissars und Nabonids’, Archiv für Orientforschung 44–45: 59–100. –––– 2000a: ‘Die Richter des Nabonid’, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 252 (Festschrift J. Oelsner), pp. 557–97. –––– 2000b: Das Egibi-Archiv (Cuneiform Monographs 20A-B), Groningen. Zettler, R. L. 1979: ‘On the chronological range of Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid seals’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 38: 257–70. 123
CHAPTER EIGHT BABYLONIAN SOURCES OF EXOTIC RAW MATERIALS D. T. Potts INTRODUCTION B ‘ elonging to another country, foreign, alien’. This is how the Oxford English Dictionary defines exotic. It is interesting to note that the intrinsic worth of an object or resource plays no role in determining whether or not it is exotic. This is particularly apt in the case of ancient Babylonia since, for the most part, the goods we think of as exotic were not necessarily valuable, either in a financial sense (something of an oxymoron in discussing a pre-monetary economy) or in a functional sense (as in the case of something which was essential to a particular industry, timber being perhaps the most obvious exception). Rather, for the most part, the exotics which were imported played a symbolic role, imbuing their owner – whether a deity’s cult image in a temple, a merchant, or a member of a royal household – with a set of attributes capable of conveying messages to any discerning observers. The colour of a semi-precious stone, its religious aura and associations with specific deities; the distance travelled by a material; the hardships involved in its procurement; the status of the bearer – these and other overtones were undoubtedly heard and understood by those who witnessed the conspicuous display of materials which came to Mesopotamia from, in many cases, great distances. While materials probably flowed into Babylonia from all directions, this chapter will concentrate on those that arrived from the east and the south, either overland through what is today Iran, or by sea up the Persian Gulf. For convenience these may be classified as inorganics and organics. In the first category belong metals and stones, while in the latter are materials such as shell, ivory, timber and aromatics. INORGANICS Base metals: copper and tin Copper The Babylonian use of base metals was part of a pattern of great antiquity. Leaving aside a malachite pendant from a ninth millennium BC context at Shanidar cave in 124
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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— Food and drink in Babylonia —
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PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
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— Johannes Renger — stands in c
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— Johannes Renger — eventually
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— Johannes Renger — fertility o
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— Johannes Renger — utensils ma
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— Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
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— Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
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— Anne Goddeeris — silver could
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— Anne Goddeeris — waves during
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— Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
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— Anne Goddeeris — could consis
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
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— Frans van Koppen — its territ
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— Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
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— Frans van Koppen — The durati
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— Frans van Koppen — for many b
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— Frans van Koppen — provincial
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— Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
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— Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
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— Michael Jursa — were determin
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— Michael Jursa — main point of
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— Michael Jursa — Given these b
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— Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
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— Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
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— Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
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— Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
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— Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
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— Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
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PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
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— Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
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— Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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— Petr Charvát — Early Dynasti
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— Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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— Mathematics, metrology and prof
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who ‘generously bestowed upon [th
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— Babylonian lists of words and s
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CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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— Gilgamesh and the literature of
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— Mesopotamian astral science —
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CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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— Late Babylonian intellectual li
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PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— David A. Warburton — both Egy
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— David A. Warburton — But thes
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Table 34.1 Middle Babylonian period
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— David A. Warburton — forces i
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— David A. Warburton — of Esarh
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— David A. Warburton — but such
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— David A. Warburton — contrast
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— David A. Warburton — set off
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— Trevor Bryce — Figure 35.1 Th
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— Trevor Bryce — in the region
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— Trevor Bryce — But for the re
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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