The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— Gilgamesh and the literature of Mesopotamia — Dalley, Stephanie 1989. Myths from Mesopotamia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Foster, Benjamin R. (ed.) 2001. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Norton. –––– 2005. Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. 3rd edn. Bethesda, Md. George, Andrew 1999. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. –––– 2003. The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jacobsen, Thorkild 1987. The Harps that Once . . . Sumerian Poetry in Translation. New Haven: Yale University Press. Michalowski, Piotr 1995. Sumerian literature: An overview. Pp. 2279–91 in Sasson 1995. Reiner, Erica 1991. First-millennium Babylonian literature. Pp. 293–321 in J. Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond and E. Sollberger (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History. 2nd edn, Vol. III Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Renger, Johannes M. 1978. Mesopotamian epic literature. Pp. 27–48 in Felix J. Oinas (ed.), Heroic Epic and Saga. An Introduction to the Word’s Great Folk Epics. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. Sasson, Jack M. (ed.) 1995. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. 4 vols. New York: Scribner. Scholfield, A. F. 1958–9. Translation of Aelian’s On the Characteristics of Animals. 3 vols. Loeb Classical Library. London: Heinemann. Vanstiphout, Herman 2003. Epics of Sumerian Kings: The Matter of Aratta. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 459
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO MESOPOTAMIAN ASTRAL SCIENCE David Brown CELESTIAL DIVINATION The Sun, Moon, and Venus are identified as gods in our very earliest written sources (Brown 2000: 246, §1). Various stars, or star groups, and the next two brightest planets, 1 Jupiter and Mars, are alluded to as gods in Sumerian literary sources, which broadly speaking reflect the intellectual achievements of the end of the third millennium BC at the latest, even if attested in younger copies. 2 The stars were used in a practical way by farmers, 3 and are referred to in the earliest incantations. 4 Mercury and Saturn were likely to have been discovered after the bulk of the constellations had been named (Brown 2000: 75–6). There are no celestial omens attested from the third millennium, although it is clear that a form of divination from the heavens was widely accepted in scribal circles. 5 Further study of this material is desirable. It is from the Old Babylonian period (c.1700 BC) that our earliest celestial omens appear, for example: ‘An eclipse in its middle part; it became dark all over and cleared all over: The king will die, destruction of Elam (a foreign land to the East).’ 6 Examples, describing eclipses on days of the month upon which eclipses cannot happen, indicate that from the earliest times astral omens were not collections of observations, correlated with simultaneous happenings on earth, but were the literate creations of certain scholars who embellished them with historical allusions, internal cross-referencing, word-play, and a raft of cultural prejudices. (An analysis is offered in Brown 2000: Ch. 3.) The simple associations between a planet, Mars say, and the portending of ill, show that the linkage between celestial event and earthly prognostication bore little or no relationship to observation. The planets, the constellations, and certain phenomena had long since been categorised and assigned benefic or malefic values. Eclipses, for example, tended to predict ill for the monarch. Indeed, virtually all celestial phenomena were believed to provide information on the future of the monarchy or the land. Other forms of divination catered to the needs of the private individual. In common with all forms of divination, the prognostications were not real predictions as to what would happen, but rather of what might happen if the appropriate counter measures were not enacted, and a system of apotropaic rituals ran parallel to the omen-interpreting industry. 460
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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— Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis,
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— Babylonian sources of exotic ra
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CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
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— Cloth in the Babylonian World
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CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
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— The Babylonian visual image —
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sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
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— Food and drink in Babylonia —
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PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
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— Johannes Renger — stands in c
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— Johannes Renger — eventually
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— Johannes Renger — fertility o
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— Johannes Renger — utensils ma
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— Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
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— Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
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— Anne Goddeeris — silver could
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— Anne Goddeeris — waves during
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— Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
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— Anne Goddeeris — could consis
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
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— Frans van Koppen — its territ
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— Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
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— Frans van Koppen — The durati
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— Frans van Koppen — for many b
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— Frans van Koppen — provincial
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— Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
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— Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
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— Michael Jursa — were determin
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— Michael Jursa — main point of
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— Michael Jursa — Given these b
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— Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
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— Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
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— Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
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— Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
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— Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
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— Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
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PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
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— Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
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— Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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— Petr Charvát — Early Dynasti
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— Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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Page 432 and 433: — Letters in the Amorite world
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Page 470 and 471: CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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Page 508: PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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