The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— The world of Babylonian countrysides — Table 2.3 Old Babylonian Sumero-Akkadian varietal terms for countryside places CIVIL SETTLEMENTS āl pāt.i “border town” āl-PN “village of PN” dadmū “settlements (and inhabitants)” du6-GN é / é-PN / é-DN “ruin-mound of GN” “house (of PN/DN)” é.duru5 (adurû / edurû) é.duru5-PN (kaprum-PN) é.há / é.há Kasˇsˇî “hamlet” “village/outfit of PN” “encampments” kar-GN / urukar-GN / urukar.há “harbor(s)” kusˇtāru CAD K 601 d “tent (encampment)” masˇkan-GN / masˇkan-RN “farmstead (of GN/RN)” (lit. “threshing floor”) nammasˇsˇûd (~ á.dam) CAD N1234 “settlement, habitation” uru uru GN / GN1 sˇa uruGN2 uru.ki(-PN) (kaprum (-PN)) uru.mesˇ / uru.didli.didli / “town, town1 of (larger) town2” “farms (of PN)” uru.didli.ma.da / ālī s.ihruti ˘ CAD S . 181a ~ “little towns” ROYAL/MILITARY INSTALLATIONS āl h ˘ als.i / hals.u c “fortress (town), district” é kaskal “caravanserai” birtum c “fortress, fortified district” é-RN / uru.ki-RN “royal household” dimtu / dimat-PN c “tower, (fortified) district” Isˇkun-DN/-RN “emplacement (of DN/RN)” dunnum c “fort, fortified area” (uru.)izi.gar “watch-tower” dūr-GN / dūr-RN “fortress (of GN/RN)” (lit. “torch-place”) DISTRICTS/AREAL UNITS a.gàr / a.gàr-PN “irrigation district lētu “nearby region” (of PN)” abunnatu d “center of the country” libbu mātim “countryside, heartland” aburru “pasture by the city wall” limītu c “adjacent region” ah ˘ ât āli “side of the city” mātu / māt GN “land/territory (of GN)” bal.ri / gú íd.[FN] “bank of the river FN” mēresˇtu sˇa GN “cultivated land of GN” bamâtu “open country, plain” namû (é/a.ri.a) “pasture, steppe” ers.et GN b “land (lit. earth) of GN” pan s.ēri “before-the-steppe” isˇru / isˇrātu “rural district(s)” pilkātu (sˇa PN) “district (of PN)” kīdū / kīdātu “outskirts, countryside s.ēru (edin) “steppeland” DELIMITATIONS itû c “boundary, territory” kisurrû (ki.sur.ra) “boundary” pāt.u c “border (district)” pilku (in.dub) “boundary” a This list is illustrative, not exhaustive. Excluded here are terms in use only at Mari (e.g., h ˘ as.āru, h ˘ amqum sˇa GN, namlaktu) and those which only later had one of the substantial meanings above (e.g., mis.ru in the OB is only used in the sense of the edge of a field, not a territory). b Attested at multiple, overlapping levels of administrative geography; i.e., an ers.et-GN may include dozens of ugārū, but individual plots of land within those uguaru may also be called ers.et (sˇa a.gàr). c Denotes areal and local units in context. d Use limited to literary contexts. 19
— Seth Richardson — (The laborer and his family) can rest because of me in a cool, well-built dwelling. And when the fire-side makes the hoe gleam, and they lie on their side, You are not to go to their feast! 35 Little in Akkadian literature contradicts the premise of this urban bias. City and land often appear as word pairs, as in ludlul bēl nēmeqi: “My city frowns on me as an enemy; indeed my land is savage and hostile.” 36 In isolated instances, the countryside is served up in pastorales as an image of purity 37 or stolidity, 38 and some ambitious poetics extended the sun god’s protection over even “he whose family is remote, whose city is distant . . . so far as human habitations stretch, you (Sˇamasˇ) grant revelations to them all.” 39 Rural locales could even play host to divine chapels or other small religious establishments. 40 Most often, however, rural lands were social voids, home only to the brigand and the fox, places from which gods were simply absent; only cities were the true seats of the civilization ordered by divinities and kings. The countryside is also missing from early law. Since even the political relations of urban rulers and subjects had not been legally clarified, it is unsurprising that no constitutional system of state and land was articulated. Kingship only resided, strictly speaking, within cities, and state and personal status 41 were legally defined by city and class – not territory. 42 One notes the disparity between the insistent demarcation of boundaries in royal inscriptions, and their utter absence in the law codes; there is also a mutual exclusion in the codes between the term “dumu GN” (also in commonuse) and the relative class structure of awīlum-musˇkēnum-wardum. “Jurisdiction,” as such, was an absent feature. We are presented with the seeming conundrum of states that had sovereignty externally, but were internally segmentary; consequently any discussion of constituted, Westphalian states is anachronistic. 43 The ambiguated internal political relations of the state were mirrored in its legal structures, which persisted in a multiplicity of executive, precedentary, and traditional laws. The rare mention of the countryside in the law codes (2100–1750 BC), however, leaves little doubt that the state’s legal power did not extend continuously into the hinterlands. If a slave ran away to the countryside, 44 or an ox was killed by a lion ina s.ērim, 45 no legal remedy was offered by the state, only a regulation for compensation between private individuals. The palace household simply did not have the ability (though certainly the ambition) to assert power everywhere. 46 Rather, royal legal authority was fully vested in rural areas only where the crown acted as founder and owner, e.g., fortresses and garrison towns. 47 Politics and rhetoric: the third millennium Turning to historiographic inscriptions, it becomes rapidly apparent that the state had deeper interests in the countryside. The earliest royal narratives were not only largely concerned with conflicts over rural borders (especially the Gu’edenna fields between Lagasˇ and Umma), but the cause, action, and even the physical texts themselves were set in the countryside. The “Stele of the Vultures” monument of Eanatum, ruler of Lagasˇ, was erected on the boundary line of the irrigated farmland, and the text mentions at least two fields (Dana-in-Kihara and Badag) by name. His subsequent inscriptions document many other fields: Usurda’u, ˘ Sumbubu, Eluha, Kinari, Du’asˇri, ˘ 20
Page 2 and 3: THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
Page 4 and 5: THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
Page 6: * Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
Page 9 and 10: — Contents — 11 Food and drink
Page 11 and 12: ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
Page 13 and 14: — Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
Page 15 and 16: CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
Page 17 and 18: — Contributors — Dominique Coll
Page 19 and 20: — Contributors — Frans van Kopp
Page 21 and 22: — Contributors — Eleanor Robson
Page 24 and 25: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
Page 26 and 27: — Introduction — mid-second mil
Page 28 and 29: — Introduction — that ‘belong
Page 30 and 31: — Introduction — persisted in t
Page 32: — Introduction — who, at differ
Page 36 and 37: CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
Page 38 and 39: — The world of Babylonian country
Page 62 and 63: CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
Page 64 and 65: — Land and land use — past cons
Page 66 and 67: — Land and land use — Figure 3.
Page 68 and 69: — Land and land use — December.
Page 70 and 71: — Land and land use — districts
Page 72 and 73: — Land and land use — however,
Page 74 and 75: — Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
Page 76 and 77: — Land and land use — ---- 2001
Page 78 and 79: — Agricultural techniques — Fig
Page 80 and 81: — Agricultural techniques — Fig
Page 82 and 83: — Agricultural techniques — Oth
Page 84 and 85: — Agricultural techniques — wit
Page 86 and 87: — Agricultural techniques — The
Page 88 and 89: — Agricultural techniques — Pet
Page 90 and 91: — Urban form in the first millenn
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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— Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis,
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— Babylonian sources of exotic ra
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CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
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— Cloth in the Babylonian World
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CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
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— The Babylonian visual image —
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sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
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— Food and drink in Babylonia —
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PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
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— Johannes Renger — stands in c
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— Johannes Renger — eventually
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— Johannes Renger — fertility o
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— Johannes Renger — utensils ma
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— Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
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— Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
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— Anne Goddeeris — silver could
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— Anne Goddeeris — waves during
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— Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
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— Anne Goddeeris — could consis
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
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— Frans van Koppen — its territ
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— Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
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— Frans van Koppen — The durati
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— Frans van Koppen — for many b
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— Frans van Koppen — provincial
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— Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
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— Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
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— Michael Jursa — were determin
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— Michael Jursa — main point of
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— Michael Jursa — Given these b
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— Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
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— Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
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— Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
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— Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
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— Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
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— Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
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PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
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— Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
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— Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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— Petr Charvát — Early Dynasti
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— Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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— Mathematics, metrology and prof
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who ‘generously bestowed upon [th
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— Babylonian lists of words and s
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CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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— Gilgamesh and the literature of
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— Mesopotamian astral science —
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CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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— Late Babylonian intellectual li
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PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— David A. Warburton — both Egy
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— David A. Warburton — But thes
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Table 34.1 Middle Babylonian period
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— David A. Warburton — forces i
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— David A. Warburton — of Esarh
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— David A. Warburton — but such
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— David A. Warburton — contrast
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— David A. Warburton — set off
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— Trevor Bryce — Figure 35.1 Th
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— Trevor Bryce — in the region
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— Trevor Bryce — But for the re
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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