The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— Egypt and Mesopotamia — At the time that the Egyptian advance into Syria began, Assyria and Babylonia were conscious of the importance of Egyptian activity, and thus they dispatched congratulatory gifts to the Egyptian pharaoh when he crossed the Euphrates (cf. Redford 2003: 250–254). These various hints in the sources must be put together to provide some understanding of events (see Table 34.1). 4 Although both Assyria and Babylonia were obviously intent on encouraging Thutmosis III to continue with his efforts, their behaviour and motivation were quite different. Throughout the fifteenth and fourteenth centuries, Babylonian attitudes towards Assyria were tempered by a confidence in the power of Babylonia, whereas Assyria was seeking recognition, and viewed itself as being in competition with both Mitanni and Babylon. Thus the Babylonian gifts were no more than cautious greetings, restricted to the year of the Euphrates campaign: interest ceased as it became evident that the Egyptians were unable to maintain the pressure. By contrast, the Assyrian gifts began before the Egyptian advance into Syria, and continued after Thutmosis III had heavy going in the Orontes. The gifts from Alalakh tell a different story. They began some time after the Euphrates campaign, and ceased in the period thereafter, as Mitanni power was consolidated, and Alalakh accepted that. Gifts from the Hittites reveal a pattern which is a mirror image, as they continue as Hittite concerns with Mitanni grow. The stalemate begun shortly after the Euphrates campaign of 1446 BC continued for more than a century. Thus, at the beginning of this era, when Thutmosis III reached Carchemish on the Euphrates, Babylon appreciated the Egyptian effort. But after a certain period, disillusionment set in, as the Mitanni hold on northern Syria was consolidated. It rapidly became evident that the Egyptians were not going to move any further, and the Babylonians had other concerns. Near the early part of the reign of Thutmosis III, Puzur-Assur III had rebuilt the walls of Assur, and forced Burnaburiash, King of Babylonia, to recognise the common border with Assyria. This can only have followed from a conflict between the two, and represented an initial setback, preventing the Babylonians from moving further north. Fortunately for Babylon, the Assyrians would find themselves menaced by Mitanni, and thus Babylonian fears of Assyrian expansion could be put on hold once the boundary was established, and the Assyrians left to face their neighbours to the west. Not only was Assyria gradually reasserting itself, but it was at precisely this moment that a new era commenced in Elam. Declaring themselves the Kings of Susa and Anshan, the new Elamite rulers represented a major power to the east of Babylon. The appearance of this new power began roughly during the reign of Thutmosis III, and by the reign of Kadashman-Enlil I of Babylon, ‘embassies were exchanged between the Babylonian and Elamite court’ (Kuhrt 1995: 369). Assyrian and Babylonian hopes had been raised by the Egyptian campaigns to the Euphrates, but disappointment had ensued as Mitanni consolidated its hold, and the Egyptian advance pushed back and stymied. Their hopes were reawakened, however, when the Hittites began to put pressure on Mitanni. During the reign of Thutmosis IV, Ugarit and some of the principalities in Syria which had recognised Mitanni suzerainty moved towards recognising Egyptian hegemony, evidently as Hittite pressures on Mitanni increased. Without Egyptian campaigns, the Mittani kings themselves initiated openings towards Egypt, and thus the balance of political power moved in Egypt’s favour – due to the campaigns of other powers. 491
Table 34.1 Middle Babylonian period, c. 1600–900 c. BC Actors Campaigns Gifts Bride(s) Embassy Letter(s) to to to to to 1499 Murshili Babylon 1490 Thutmosis I Euphrates 1454–46 Thutmosis III Palestine Syria 1455 Assur Egypt 1446 Thutmosis III Euphrates 1445 Assur, Babylon, Hatti Egypt 1445–35 Thutmosis III Orontes 1444–35 Assur, Hatti, Alalakh Egypt 1423–18 Amenophis II Orontes 1400–1370 Syrian cities, Mitanni Egypt 1360 Mitanni Anatolia Egypt 1360–20 Babylon Hatti, Elam, Egypt Egypt 1340 Assur-Uballit Babylon Egypt 1340–20 Tushratta, Shattiwaza Egypt Egypt, Hatti Egypt 1340–20 Shuppiluliuma Anatolia, Syria Mitanni Egypt 1320–1265 Horemhab, Seti I, Syria Ramesses II 1260–20 Hattushili III, Egypt Egypt, Babylon, Tudkhaliya IV Assyria, Myceneans 1260–1200 Shalmaneser I, Syria, Babylon, Tukulti-Ninurta I Elam
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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— Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis,
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— Babylonian sources of exotic ra
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CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
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— Cloth in the Babylonian World
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CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
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— The Babylonian visual image —
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sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
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— Food and drink in Babylonia —
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PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
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— Johannes Renger — stands in c
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— Johannes Renger — eventually
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— Johannes Renger — fertility o
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— Johannes Renger — utensils ma
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— Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
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— Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
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— Anne Goddeeris — silver could
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— Anne Goddeeris — waves during
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— Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
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— Anne Goddeeris — could consis
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
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— Frans van Koppen — its territ
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— Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
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— Frans van Koppen — The durati
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— Frans van Koppen — for many b
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— Frans van Koppen — provincial
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— Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
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— Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
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— Michael Jursa — were determin
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— Michael Jursa — main point of
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— Michael Jursa — Given these b
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— Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
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— Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
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— Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
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— Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
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— Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
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— Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
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PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
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— Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
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— Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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— Petr Charvát — Early Dynasti
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— Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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— Mathematics, metrology and prof
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who ‘generously bestowed upon [th
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— Babylonian lists of words and s
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Page 464 and 465: — Babylonian lists of words and s
Page 470 and 471: CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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Page 508: PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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Page 539 and 540: — P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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