The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— The Babylonian economy in the first millennium BC — –––– 1987. ‘Free Hired Labor in Babylonia During the Sixth through Fourth Centuries BC’, in M. Powell (ed.), Labor in the Ancient Near East. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society, 271–279. –––– 1995. ‘Cattle in the Neo-Babylonian Period’, Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 8: 215–240. –––– 2002. Elusive Silver. In Search of a Role for a Market in an Agrarian Environment. Aspects of Mesopotamia’s Society. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut. Janković, B. 2004. Vogelzucht und Vogelfang in Sippar im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. Münster: Ugarit- Verlag. –––– forthcoming. Aspekte der Landwirtschaft in Uruk im ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr. Ph.D. thesis, University of Vienna. Joannès, F. 2002. La Mésopotamie au 1er millénaire avant J.-C. Paris: Armand Colin (second edition; first edition 2000). Jursa, M. 1995. Die Landwirtschaft in Sippar in neubabylonischer Zeit. Wien: Institut für Orientalistik. –––– 2004a. ‘Grundzüge der Wirtschaftsformen Babyloniens im ersten Jahrtausend v.Chr.’, in R. Rollinger and C. Ulf (eds), Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag: 115–136. –––– 2004b. ‘Pacht. C. Neubabylonische Bodenpacht’, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 10, 3/4: 172–183. –––– 2005a. Neo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative Documents: Typology, Contents and Archives. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. –––– 2005b. ‘Money-Based Exchange and Redistribution: the Transformation of the Institutional Economy in First Millennium Babylonia’, in Ph. Clancier et al. (eds), Autour de Polanyi: Vocabulaires, théories et modalités des échanges. Paris: De Boccard: 171–186. –––– in press. ‘Das Archiv von Bēl-t.ēri-Sˇ amasˇ’, in H.D. Baker and M. Jursa (eds), Approaching the Babylonian Economy: Proceedings of the START-Project Symposium Held in Vienna, 1–3 July 2004. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. Kleber, K. 2004. ‘Die Fischerei in der spätbabylonischen Zeit’, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 94: 133–165. Liverani, M. 1998. Uruk la prima città. Rome and Bari: Laterza. Postgate, J.N. 1994. Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. Second Edition. London: Routledge. Potts, D. 1997. Mesopotamian Civilization. The Material Foundations. London: The Athlone Press. Van De Mieroop, M. 1999. The Ancient Mesopotamian City. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Van der Spek, R.J. and Mandemakers, C.A. 2003. ‘Sense and Nonsense in the Statistical Approach of Babylonian prices’, Bibliotheca Orientalis 60: 521–537. van Driel, G. 1993. ‘Neo-Babylonian Sheep and Goats’, Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 219–258. Zawadzki , S. in press. ‘The Building Project North of Sippar in the Time of Nabonidus’, in H.D. Baker and M. Jursa (eds), Approaching the Babylonian Economy: Proceedings of the START-Project Symposium Held in Vienna, 1–3 July 2004. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. 235
CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY Cornelia Wunsch The records of the Egibi family constitute the largest and most important private archive from the Neo-Babylonian and early Achaemenid periods (sixth and early fifth centuries BC). Local people hoping to find antiquities to sell discovered the tablets in the 1870s and 1880s among the ruins of private houses in the Babylon area. They were found in sealed earthen jars, a sure sign that they had been consciously set aside by their owners. The archive is said to have originally comprised some three to four thousand tablets, but the rough handling during excavation, shipment, and trade inevitably reduced their number. George Smith acquired the bulk of this archive for the British Museum in 1876, the rest was dispersed among many collections in Europe and America. Today about 1,700 texts can be confidently attributed to this archive, discounting duplicates and joined fragments. The records cover five generations of members of one family (a sequence of firstborn sons) over more than 100 years, from the time of Nebuchadrezzar II until the beginning of Xerxes’ reign. Late nineteenth-century scholars described the family as ‘bankers of Jewish origin’; this reflected contemporary ideas about Jews and their role in banking rather than actual fact. These labels are still in use today even though the notions both of ‘bankers’ and the allegedly Jewish ethnicity of the Egibis were shown to be inappropriate many decades ago. The family name Egibi is of straightforward Sumero-Babylonian origin, 1 and the business activities of the branch that left the famous archive fit the description of entrepreneurship rather than deposit banking. 2 There is no sign that the first generation of our family branch owned or inherited any real estate or prebendary offices. The latter were the insignia of the traditional wealthy urban class and guaranteed participation in the stream of income from local temples. M. Jursa (2005: 66) described the Egibi as ‘members of a socially mobile class of entrepreneurially oriented urbanites without well-established roots in the traditional establishment whose focal point was formed by the old sanctuaries’. The documents of the first generation were drawn up for Sˇulaja, the son of (Nabû)zēra-ukīn. Most of them concern wholesale trade in commodities (barley and dates) in the rural districts around Babylon. For this end, Sˇulaja engaged in long-term business ventures with several partners, sharing profits and risks, and built up capital as well as connections, later to be developed by his son Nabû-ahhē-iddin. ˘ ˘ 236
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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— Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis,
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— Babylonian sources of exotic ra
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CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
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— Cloth in the Babylonian World
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CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
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— The Babylonian visual image —
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sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
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— Food and drink in Babylonia —
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Page 208: PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
Page 211 and 212: — Johannes Renger — stands in c
Page 213 and 214: — Johannes Renger — eventually
Page 215 and 216: — Johannes Renger — fertility o
Page 217 and 218: — Johannes Renger — utensils ma
Page 219 and 220: — Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
Page 223 and 224: — Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
Page 225 and 226: — Anne Goddeeris — silver could
Page 227 and 228: — Anne Goddeeris — waves during
Page 229 and 230: — Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
Page 231 and 232: — Anne Goddeeris — could consis
Page 233 and 234: CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
Page 235 and 236: — Frans van Koppen — its territ
Page 237 and 238: — Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
Page 239 and 240: — Frans van Koppen — The durati
Page 241 and 242: — Frans van Koppen — for many b
Page 243 and 244: — Frans van Koppen — provincial
Page 245 and 246: — Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
Page 249 and 250: — Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
Page 251 and 252: — Michael Jursa — were determin
Page 253 and 254: — Michael Jursa — main point of
Page 255 and 256: — Michael Jursa — Given these b
Page 257: — Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
Page 261 and 262: — Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
Page 263 and 264: — Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
Page 265 and 266: — Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
Page 267 and 268: — Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
Page 269 and 270: — Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
Page 272: PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
Page 275 and 276: — Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
Page 277 and 278: — Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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Page 281 and 282: — Petr Charvát — their obligat
Page 283 and 284: — Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
Page 285 and 286: — Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
Page 287 and 288: — Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
Page 289 and 290: — Walther Sallaberger — Figure
Page 291 and 292: — Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
Page 293 and 294: — Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
Page 295 and 296: — Walther Sallaberger — of good
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Page 299 and 300: CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
Page 301 and 302: — Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
Page 303 and 304: — Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
Page 305 and 306: — Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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— Mathematics, metrology and prof
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who ‘generously bestowed upon [th
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— Babylonian lists of words and s
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CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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— Gilgamesh and the literature of
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— Mesopotamian astral science —
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CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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— Late Babylonian intellectual li
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PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— David A. Warburton — both Egy
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— David A. Warburton — But thes
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Table 34.1 Middle Babylonian period
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— David A. Warburton — forces i
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— David A. Warburton — of Esarh
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— David A. Warburton — but such
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— David A. Warburton — contrast
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— David A. Warburton — set off
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— Trevor Bryce — Figure 35.1 Th
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— Trevor Bryce — in the region
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— Trevor Bryce — But for the re
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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