The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— The Old Babylonian economy — Richardson, S. 2002 The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the end of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683–1597 BC, Ph.D. Columbia University. Sigrist, M. 1984 Les sˇattukku dans l’Esˇumesˇa durant la période d’Isin et Larsa. Malibu, CA: Undena. Steinkeller, P. 2003 ‘Archival Practices at Babylonia in the Third Millennium’ in M. Brosius (ed.) Ancient Archives and Archival Traditions, Concepts of Record-Keeping in the Ancient World. Oxford: University Press, 37–58. Stol, M. 2004 ‘Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Altbabylonischer Zeit’ in P. Attinger, W. Sallaberger and M. Wäfler (eds) Mesopotamien. Die Altbabylonische Zeit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: 643–975. Van De Mieroop, M. 1987 Crafts in the Early Isin Period: A Study of the Isin Craft Archive from the Reigns of Isˇbi-Erra and Sˇ ū-ilisˇu. OLA 24, Leuven: Peeters. –––– 1992 Society and Enterprise in Old Babylonian Ur. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. van Driel, G. 2002 Elusive Silver. In Search of a Role for a Market in an Agrarian Environment. Aspects of Mesopotamia’s Society. Leiden: Brill. 209
CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN THE LATER OLD BABYLONIAN PERIOD Frans van Koppen INTRODUCTION The Old Babylonian period is a convenient designation for the first four centuries of the second millennium BC, but as the term hints at a prominent role of the city of Babylon, one could argue that it should be reserved for the period that started with the unification of Lower Mesopotamia in the later part of the reign of Hammurabi. 1 The kingdom of Babylon, at first just one among several states, rapidly became the unrivalled overlord of the region between the Persian Gulf and the Jezirah plateau. This unity was a singular achievement, as it would remain the only instance in a period of more than five centuries that all of Lower Mesopotamia recognized a single ruler. Being the product of exceptional circumstances, the expanded state was also vulnerable, and a series of political and economic problems led to the contraction of the Babylonian realm within a few decades following the death of its founder. Even though Hammurabi’s ‘empire’ may be deemed ephemeral, it could be considered as the beginning of a distinct era in Mesopotamian history. The rise of Babylon was just one aspect of a more comprehensive geopolitical rearrangement in the Mesopotamian and Syrian areas, with important consequences for patterns of longdistance trade. Moreover, when the social and economic factors that had weakened Babylon’s neighbours and paved the way for Hammurabi’s successes finally afflicted Babylon itself, the crisis precipitated the emergence of a much smaller and strongly centralized Babylonian state that survived for centuries and passed with no major disruption to the Kassite heirs of the throne. The archival documentation for the Old Babylonian period is rich but also quite fragmentary, so that current descriptions of its economic system draw on disparate groups of texts, with each group illuminating particular elements of a system within specific geographical and historical settings. Diachronic developments and local particularities are therefore often obscured. While the basic traits of early secondmillennium economy were determined by the timeless constants of the Mesopotamian landscape and by the enduring managerial strategies of the state institutions as they are described by Goddeeris in the previous chapter, the purpose of this chapter is to look more closely at aspects that may be considered distinctive for the period of time 210
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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— Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis,
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— Babylonian sources of exotic ra
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CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
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— Cloth in the Babylonian World
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CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
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— The Babylonian visual image —
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Page 194 and 195: sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
Page 196 and 197: — Food and drink in Babylonia —
Page 208: PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
Page 211 and 212: — Johannes Renger — stands in c
Page 213 and 214: — Johannes Renger — eventually
Page 215 and 216: — Johannes Renger — fertility o
Page 217 and 218: — Johannes Renger — utensils ma
Page 219 and 220: — Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
Page 223 and 224: — Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
Page 225 and 226: — Anne Goddeeris — silver could
Page 227 and 228: — Anne Goddeeris — waves during
Page 229 and 230: — Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
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Page 235 and 236: — Frans van Koppen — its territ
Page 237 and 238: — Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
Page 239 and 240: — Frans van Koppen — The durati
Page 241 and 242: — Frans van Koppen — for many b
Page 243 and 244: — Frans van Koppen — provincial
Page 245 and 246: — Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
Page 247 and 248: CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
Page 249 and 250: — Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
Page 251 and 252: — Michael Jursa — were determin
Page 253 and 254: — Michael Jursa — main point of
Page 255 and 256: — Michael Jursa — Given these b
Page 257 and 258: — Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
Page 259 and 260: CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
Page 261 and 262: — Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
Page 263 and 264: — Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
Page 265 and 266: — Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
Page 267 and 268: — Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
Page 269 and 270: — Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
Page 272: PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
Page 275 and 276: — Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
Page 277 and 278: — Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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Page 281 and 282: — Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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— Mathematics, metrology and prof
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who ‘generously bestowed upon [th
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— Babylonian lists of words and s
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CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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— Gilgamesh and the literature of
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— Mesopotamian astral science —
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CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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— Late Babylonian intellectual li
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PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— David A. Warburton — both Egy
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— David A. Warburton — But thes
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Table 34.1 Middle Babylonian period
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— David A. Warburton — forces i
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— David A. Warburton — of Esarh
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— David A. Warburton — but such
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— David A. Warburton — contrast
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— David A. Warburton — set off
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— Trevor Bryce — Figure 35.1 Th
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— Trevor Bryce — in the region
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— Trevor Bryce — But for the re
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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