The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— The Babylonian god Marduk — Ea, exalted him among the Igigu deities, named the city of Babylon with its august name and made it supreme within the regions of the world, and established for him within it eternal kingship whose foundations are fixed as heaven and earth. (Roth 1995: 76) The god gradually absorbed the identities of a number of different deities as he gained importance. One of the first gods to lose his identity to Marduk was Asalluhi, the god of incantation, the divine exorcist, and the local deity of Ku’ar a village near Eridu. Asalluhi was the son of Enki/Ea, the god of the underground waters, wisdom, and magic and third in rank after An/Anu and Enlil in the Mesopotamian pantheon. 4 Although the process of the Marduk = Asalluhi syncretism may have started already in the early second millennium, it was probably only fully established late in the reign of Hammurabi. Through the syncretism with Asalluhi, Marduk gained the position as the son of Enki/Ea in the Mesopotamian pantheon. By the end of the Middle Babylonian period, Marduk assumed 50 names, such as Tutu, Shazu, and Enbilulu in addition to Asalluhi. 5 Like Asalluhi, they were originally the names of different deities, but after the syncretism with Marduk, each name presented different aspects of Marduk, such as the god of water, the god of fertility, and the saviour. From the late Old-Babylonian period onwards, Marduk gained popularity among the populace. For instance, the personal names containing the divine name Marduk came to form the second largest group after the god Sin in the theophoric names known from the late Old-Babylonian period. 6 He is also featured in Kassite private cylinder seals, with short prayers to different deities seeking personal benefit, welfare, and salvation. More than 60 out of around 150 available prayers of this kind are addressed to Marduk. 7 It is remarkable too that 15 such cylinder seals from the Kassite period Nippur, the city of Enlil, bear prayers to Marduk while only one cylinder seal contains a prayer to Enlil. 8 Incidentally, although Enlil at that time still occupied the highest position in the Babylonian pantheon Marduk is often invoked as the ‘creator’ or ‘chief of the heavens and the earth’ in these short prayers. This fact suggests that the notion of Marduk as the god of supremacy first started at the level of personal belief during the Kassite period 9 and became the official view of the Babylonian court later, probably in the twelfth century. After the relatively long and stable period under the Kassite kings, Babylonia suffered foreign aggressions of two other great powers – the Assyrians and the Elamites. Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244–1208) was the first to attack Babylon. He destroyed the city wall of Babylon, captured the statue of Marduk, and controlled Babylon for three decades. 10 The series of raids launched by the Elamite kings were even more traumatic. They brought chaos and destruction to the cities of Babylonia. The Elamites under Shutruk-Nahhunte I (1185–1155) plundered the great cities of Mesopotamia and carried away ancient monuments such as Hammurabi’s Law Code and the statues of the gods from the sanctuaries of Mesopotamia including Marduk and his consort Zarpanitu as booty. 11 Shutruk-Nahhunte also put an end to the Kassite dynasty by taking the last king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, into captivity. After some decades of political chaos, Nebuchadrezzar I (1124–1103), from the Second Dynasty of Isin, ascended the Babylonian throne. Although the historical fact 349
— Takayoshi Oshima — Figure 24.1 Drawing based on a cylinder seal of Marduk dedicated by the Babylonian king, Marduk-zakir-shumi (courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum). 350
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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— Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis,
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— Babylonian sources of exotic ra
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CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
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— Cloth in the Babylonian World
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CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
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— The Babylonian visual image —
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sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
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— Food and drink in Babylonia —
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PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
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— Johannes Renger — stands in c
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— Johannes Renger — eventually
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— Johannes Renger — fertility o
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— Johannes Renger — utensils ma
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— Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
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— Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
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— Anne Goddeeris — silver could
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— Anne Goddeeris — waves during
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— Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
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— Anne Goddeeris — could consis
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
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— Frans van Koppen — its territ
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— Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
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— Frans van Koppen — The durati
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— Frans van Koppen — for many b
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— Frans van Koppen — provincial
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— Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
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— Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
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— Michael Jursa — were determin
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— Michael Jursa — main point of
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— Michael Jursa — Given these b
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— Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
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— Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
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— Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
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— Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
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— Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
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— Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
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PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
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— Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
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— Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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— Petr Charvát — Early Dynasti
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— Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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Page 323 and 324: — Laura D. Steele — experiences
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Page 342 and 343: CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
Page 344 and 345: — The role and function of goddes
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Page 384 and 385: CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
Page 386 and 387: — Divination culture and the hand
Page 396 and 397: CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
Page 398 and 399: — Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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Page 412 and 413: CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
Page 414 and 415: — Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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— Mathematics, metrology and prof
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who ‘generously bestowed upon [th
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— Babylonian lists of words and s
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CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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— Gilgamesh and the literature of
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— Mesopotamian astral science —
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CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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— Late Babylonian intellectual li
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PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— David A. Warburton — both Egy
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— David A. Warburton — But thes
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Table 34.1 Middle Babylonian period
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— David A. Warburton — forces i
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— David A. Warburton — of Esarh
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— David A. Warburton — but such
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— David A. Warburton — contrast
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— David A. Warburton — set off
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— Trevor Bryce — Figure 35.1 Th
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— Trevor Bryce — in the region
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— Trevor Bryce — But for the re
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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