The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— The Babylonian visual image — produced a new style, one that we might define as Graeco-Babylonian. One such example is the statue of a woman in the British Museum (Figure 10.7). The alabaster statue was excavated at Borsippa, near Babylon, by the Iraqi archaeologist, Hormuz Rassam. It is a figure of a woman, dressed in a pleated garment and a shawl. She holds her right hand at her breast and with her left hand, she pulls at the shawl that is placed diagonally across her body. The sculpture is made out of alabaster, but the eyes are hollowed to receive an inlay and dark pigment gives emphasis to the rims of the eyes. This use of pigment and inlay is an ancient local tradition, as is the preference for a female ideal with full cheeks, large eyes, and a small mouth. There are traces of pigment elsewhere on the statue, and the rim of the cloak and the crescent shaped ornament she wears around her neck are added in plaster. The sculpture of a woman is very much in the tradition of Hellenistic portrait sculpture of the third–second centuries BC. The garments she wears are identifiable as the Greek chiton and himation. The manner in which she wears the garments and holds the cloak out to the side is also known from Greek sculpture of the west. However, the nipples and navel are perforated into the dress, an aspect that would have been unacceptable in a Greek counterpart in the west. The crescent-shaped ornament around her neck is an emblem of the moon god, Sin, and may indicate that this was a priestess; however, at this time the crescent ornament is also the emblem of the Greek goddess, Artemis. These details, as well as the treatment of the eyes, the use of pigment and plaster, are all local translations of a portrait type that is typically Hellenistic, indicating that Greek styles and techniques were readily mixed with the local traditions. The Graeco-Babylonian image continued to be produced under the Parthian rulers of Mesopotamia in the following centuries, but was gradually transformed in both its distinctive forms and functions after that time. REFERENCES Bahrani, Z. (1995) ‘Assault and Abduction: the Fate of the Royal Image in the Ancient Near East’ Art History 18(3), 363–382. –––– (2001) Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia, London: Routledge. –––– (2002) ‘Performativity and the Image: Narrative, Representation and the Uruk vase’ in Leaving No Stone Unturned: Studies in Honor of Donald P. Hansen, E. Ehrenberg ed. Winona lake: Eisenbrauns, 15–22. –––– (2003) The Graven Image: Representation in Babylonia and Assyria, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. –––– (2008) Rituals of War: The Body and Violence in Mesopotamia, New York: Zone Books. Bottéro, Jean (1992) Mesopotamia, Writing, Reasoning and the Gods, trans. Z. Bahrani and M. Van De Mieroop, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Brinkman, J.A. (1980–1983) ‘Kudurru: philologisch’ Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6 Band, Berlin Walter de Gruyter, 268–274. CAD: The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 8, M.Civil, I.J. Gelb, A.L. Oppenheim and E. Reiner eds. Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago, 1971. Ellis, Richard (1968) Foundation Deposits in Ancient Mesopotamia, Yale Near Eastern Researches 2, New Haven, CT. Foster, B. (1993) Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature, Bethesda, MD: CDL Press. Frame, Grant (1995) The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Babylonian Periods, vol. 2: Rulers of Babylonia from the Second Dynasty of Isin to the End of Assyrian Domination (1157–612 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 169
— Zainab Bahrani — Frayne, Douglas R. (1990) The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Early Periods vol. 4, Old Babylonian Period (2003–1595 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Harper, P.O. et al. (1992), The Royal City of Susa, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Luckenbill, D.D. (1927) Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia vol. 2, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Seidl, U. (1980–1983) ‘Kudurru: Bildschmuck’ Reallexikon der Assyriologie 6 Band, Berlin Walter de Gruyter, 275–277. –––– (1989) Die Babylonischen Kudurru Reliefs. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 87, Freiburg: Universitätsverlag. Slanski, K.E. (2003) The Babylonian Entitlement Narus (kudurrus): A Study in their Form and Function, Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2003. Van De Mieroop, M. (2003) ‘Reading Babylon’ American Journal of Archaeology 102: 257–275. 170
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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Page 142 and 143: — Babylonian seals — Figure 7.3
Page 144 and 145: — Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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Page 148 and 149: — Babylonian sources of exotic ra
Page 164 and 165: CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
Page 166 and 167: — Cloth in the Babylonian World
Page 178 and 179: CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
Page 180 and 181: — The Babylonian visual image —
Page 194 and 195: sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
Page 196 and 197: — Food and drink in Babylonia —
Page 208: PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
Page 211 and 212: — Johannes Renger — stands in c
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Page 215 and 216: — Johannes Renger — fertility o
Page 217 and 218: — Johannes Renger — utensils ma
Page 219 and 220: — Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
Page 223 and 224: — Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
Page 225 and 226: — Anne Goddeeris — silver could
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Page 229 and 230: — Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
Page 231 and 232: — Anne Goddeeris — could consis
Page 233 and 234: CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
Page 235 and 236: — Frans van Koppen — its territ
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Page 239 and 240: — Frans van Koppen — The durati
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— Frans van Koppen — provincial
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— Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
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— Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
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— Michael Jursa — were determin
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— Michael Jursa — main point of
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— Michael Jursa — Given these b
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— Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
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— Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
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— Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
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— Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
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— Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
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— Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
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PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
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— Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
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— Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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— Petr Charvát — Early Dynasti
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— Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Letters in the Amorite world
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— Mathematics, metrology and prof
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who ‘generously bestowed upon [th
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— Babylonian lists of words and s
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CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
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— Gilgamesh and the literature of
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— Mesopotamian astral science —
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CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
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— Late Babylonian intellectual li
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PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— David A. Warburton — both Egy
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— David A. Warburton — But thes
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Table 34.1 Middle Babylonian period
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— David A. Warburton — forces i
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— David A. Warburton — of Esarh
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— David A. Warburton — but such
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— David A. Warburton — contrast
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— David A. Warburton — set off
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— Trevor Bryce — Figure 35.1 Th
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— Trevor Bryce — in the region
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— Trevor Bryce — But for the re
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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