The Babylonian World - Historia Antigua

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— Babylonian lists of words and signs — that many of the apparent flaws are due to modern ignorance of scribal conventions, gaps in the recovery of cuneiform material and, particularly, the absence for us of the guiding hand that helped the ancient scribal trainees. The breadth and depth of coverage of material present in the lists, their remarkable longevity and the overall fidelity of transmission are eloquent testimony the significant achievement that the Babylonian lists represent. NOTES 1 Ancient texts are quoted here in a simplified form, for clarity’s sake. 2 Alphabetic order was not an option for the Babylonians because of the nature of the cuneiform writing system. 3 The term ‘cuneiform’ comes from the Latin word cuneus, meaning wedge. 4 A different version, known as Syllable Alphabet B was in use in Nippur. The use of the word ‘alphabet’ is potentially misleading. Cuneiform script is non-alphabetic. It uses characters variously to represent words, syllables or the semantic set to which something belonged, such as ‘wood’, ‘deity’ or ‘place’. These compositions seem to have acquired the label ‘alphabetic’ as part of their modern title because they drill the student in the forms of the individual signs, much like children today practise their a, b, c. 5 In antiquity, compositions were known by their first line of text. This practice is usually kept in the modern study of those compositions. The term ‘proto’ has historically been attached to compositions known also in a ‘canonical’ first-millennium version. This term erroneously implies that the Old Babylonian versions are imperfect first steps towards the later version. In reality, the Old Babylonian versions are fully evolved for the system within which they functioned. The term is retained as a useful way to distinguish between earlier and later versions. 6 A rough equivalent would be to start with ‘o’, add a stroke to make ‘a’, then extend it to make ‘d’. 7 Bilingual lists dating to the third millennium are known from the Syrian site of Ebla. There, the scribes copied Mesopotamian lists, adding translations in the local language. 8 Kassite was the native language of the dynasty ruling Babylonia during the Middle Babylonian period. Only rarely was Kassite committed to writing. 9 Tradition kept the Sumerian column as the ordering column in all the older lists. 10 The Akkadian words here are all derived from the same ‘root’ (three letters carrying a general meaning, around which other elements were added to specify more specific meaning), in this case b n y. 11 Long lists are divided into parts called ‘tablets’, corresponding to how many standard-sized clay tablets were required to contain the full text of the composition. 12 Commentaries also existed for other list-type genres, such as medical texts or the omens; commentaries to the omens are, in fact, much more common than those to the lexical lists. Commentaries were not restricted to list-like genres, however. Literary texts were also subject to commentaries. These other types of text had also begun to assume a fixed, standardised form and their interpretation required assistance. 13 Mesopotamian architecture is mud-brick based. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cavigneaux, A. (1983) ‘Lexikalische Listen’, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 6 (Berlin/New York: W. de Gruyter) pp. 609–641. Civil, M. (1975) ‘Lexicography’, in Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen on His Seventieth Birthday, June 7, 1974 (Assyriological Studies 20. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press) pp. 123–157. 445
— Jon Taylor — –––– (1995) ‘Ancient Mesopotamian Lexicography’, in J. Sasson (ed.), Civilizations of the Ancient Near East IV (New York: Scribner) pp. 2305–2314. Frahm, E. (2005) ‘Royal Hermeneutics: Observations on the commentaries from Ashurbanipal’s libraries at Nineveh’, in Iraq 66, pp. 45–50. Gesche, P. (2001) Schulunterricht in Babylonien im erstern Jahrtausend v. Chr. (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 275. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag). Krecher, J. (1983) ‘Kommentare’, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 6 (Berlin/New York: W. de Gruyter) pp. 188–191. Landsberger et al. (1937–) Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute). Vols 14, 16–17, Supplementary Series 1. Leick, G. (1983) ‘Über Tradition und Bedeutung thematischer Listenwerke’, in I. Seybold (ed.) Meqor hajjim. Festschrift für Georg Molin zu seinem 75. Geburtstag (Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt) pp. 221–239. Robson, E. (2001) ‘The Tablet House: a scribal school in Old Babylonian Nippur’, in Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 95, pp. 39–66. Tanret, M. (2002) Per aspera ad astra: l’apprentissage du cunéiforme à Sippar-Amnanum pendant la période paléobabylonienne tardive (Mesopotamian history and environment. Series 3, Texts 1/2. Ghent: University of Ghent). Veldhuis, N. (1999) ‘Continuity and Change in Mesopotamian Lexical Tradition’, in B. Roest and H. Vanstiphout (eds) Aspects of Genre and Type in Pre-modern Literary Cultures (COMERS/ICOG communications 1. Groningen: Styx) pp. 101–118. –––– (2000) ‘Kassite Exercises: literary and lexical extracts’, in Journal of Cuneiform Studies 52, pp. 67–94. Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Lexical Texts (University of California, Berkeley): http://cuneiform. ucla.edu/dcclt//dcclt.html. 446
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD As the layers
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THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwe
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* Translation is on p. 591. Lebensa
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— Contents — 11 Food and drink
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ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 2.1 Sustaini
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— Illustrations — 10.7 Portrait
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CONTRIBUTORS Tzvi Abusch is Rose B
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— Contributors — Dominique Coll
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— Contributors — Frans van Kopp
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— Contributors — Eleanor Robson
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Gwendolyn
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— Introduction — mid-second mil
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— Introduction — that ‘belong
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— Introduction — persisted in t
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— Introduction — who, at differ
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CHAPTER TWO THE WORLD OF BABYLONIAN
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— The world of Babylonian country
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CHAPTER THREE LAND AND LAND USE The
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— Land and land use — past cons
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— Land and land use — Figure 3.
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— Land and land use — December.
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— Land and land use — districts
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— Land and land use — however,
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— Land and land use — BIBLIOGRA
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— Land and land use — ---- 2001
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Fig
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— Agricultural techniques — Oth
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— Agricultural techniques — wit
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— Agricultural techniques — The
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— Agricultural techniques — Pet
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— Urban form in the first millenn
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CHAPTER SIX ARCHITECTURE IN THE OLD
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— Architecture in the Old Babylon
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CHAPTER SEVEN BABYLONIAN SEALS 1 D
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— Babylonian seals — (a) (b) (c
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— Babylonian seals — Figure 7.6
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— Babylonian seals — ruler he s
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — An ext
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1 1 — Babylonian seals — Figure
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— Babylonian seals — mostly cor
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— Babylonian seals — MacGinnis,
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— Babylonian sources of exotic ra
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CHAPTER NINE CLOTH IN THE BABYLONIA
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— Cloth in the Babylonian World
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CHAPTER TEN THE BABYLONIAN VISUAL I
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— The Babylonian visual image —
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sˇūkil akalu sˇiqi kurunnu eris
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— Food and drink in Babylonia —
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PART III ECONOMIC LIFE 185
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— Johannes Renger — stands in c
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— Johannes Renger — eventually
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— Johannes Renger — fertility o
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— Johannes Renger — utensils ma
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— Johannes Renger — BIBLIOGRAPH
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE OLD BABYLONIAN
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— Anne Goddeeris — of the craft
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— Anne Goddeeris — silver could
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— Anne Goddeeris — waves during
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— Anne Goddeeris — SOME CHARACT
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— Anne Goddeeris — could consis
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN ASPECTS OF SOCIETY
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— Frans van Koppen — its territ
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— Frans van Koppen — Figure 14.
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— Frans van Koppen — The durati
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— Frans van Koppen — for many b
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— Frans van Koppen — provincial
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— Frans van Koppen — BIBLIOGRAP
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE BABYLONIAN ECON
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— Michael Jursa — cereal farmin
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— Michael Jursa — were determin
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— Michael Jursa — main point of
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— Michael Jursa — Given these b
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— Michael Jursa — of Joannès 2
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE EGIBI FAMILY C
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— Cornelia Wunsch — aside every
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— Cornelia Wunsch — of a hired
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— Cornelia Wunsch — Figure 16.1
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— Cornelia Wunsch — qa = 3600 n
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— Cornelia Wunsch — The committ
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PART IV SOCIETY AND POLITICS 249
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— Petr Charvát — Figure 17.1 S
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— Petr Charvát — In warfare th
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— Petr Charvát — Early Dynasti
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— Petr Charvát — their obligat
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— Petr Charvát — NOTES 1 Coope
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— Petr Charvát — 97 On them cf
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— Petr Charvát — Rehm, Ellen 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — Figure
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— Walther Sallaberger — Babylon
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— Walther Sallaberger — (Maul 2
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— Walther Sallaberger — of good
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— Walther Sallaberger — the bes
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CHAPTER NINETEEN POWER, ECONOMY AND
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Figure 19.1
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— Gebhard J. Selz — influence o
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— Gebhard J. Selz — Mesopotamia
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— Gebhard J. Selz — and loan. N
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— Gebhard J. Selz — distrust in
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CHAPTER TWENTY ARAMEANS AND CHALDEA
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— Frederick Mario Fales — and c
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— Frederick Mario Fales — level
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Figur
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— Frederick Mario Fales — Babyl
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— Frederick Mario Fales — the w
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— Laura D. Steele — experiences
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.1
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— Laura D. Steele — Figure 21.2
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— Laura D. Steele — as large as
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— Laura D. Steele — Babylonian
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— Laura D. Steele — novel but l
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— Laura D. Steele — Dandamaev,
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— Laura D. Steele — ---- (1995b
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO THE ROLE AND FUN
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— The role and function of goddes
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— Inanna and Ishtar in the Babylo
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — E
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — i
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — T
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — t
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — 7
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— The Babylonian god Marduk — B
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE DIVINATION CULT
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— Divination culture and the hand
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX WITCHCRAFT LITER
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— Witchcraft literature in Mesopo
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CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN INCANTATIONS W
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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— Incantations within Akkadian me
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Page 424 and 425: — Letters in the Amorite world
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Page 470 and 471: CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE GILGAMESH AND TH
Page 472 and 473: — Gilgamesh and the literature of
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Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE LATE BABYLONIA
Page 498 and 499: — Late Babylonian intellectual li
Page 508: PART VII INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ba
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— David A. Warburton — of Esarh
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— David A. Warburton — but such
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— David A. Warburton — contrast
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— David A. Warburton — set off
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— Trevor Bryce — Figure 35.1 Th
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— Trevor Bryce — in the region
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— Trevor Bryce — But for the re
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— Trevor Bryce — an acrimonious
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— Trevor Bryce — king Kashtilia
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— Trevor Bryce — Gasche, H., Ar
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— P. S. Vermaak — In our presen
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— P. S. Vermaak — The spelling
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— P. S. Vermaak — Nippur (moder
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— P. S. Vermaak — such as Ugari
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— P. S. Vermaak — Brown, S. (19
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— P. S. Vermaak — ---- and Vida
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— Hannes D. Galter — 2000 BCE,
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— Hannes D. Galter — The reason
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Figure 37.
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— Hannes D. Galter — Mesopotami
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— Hannes D. Galter — new lord o
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— Hannes D. Galter — ---- 2006
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— Baruch A. Levine — Biblical l
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— Baruch A. Levine — presented
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— Baruch A. Levine — Among othe
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— Baruch A. Levine — the word o
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— Baruch A. Levine — when the c
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— Baruch A. Levine — as coming
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— Baruch A. Levine — punishment
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— Baruch A. Levine — The prophe
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— Baruch A. Levine — Habakkuk
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— Baruch A. Levine — The same c
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CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE THE PERSIAN EMP
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Figure 39.1 D
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— Amélie Kuhrt — Memphis, in L
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by Jews. Neig
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— Amélie Kuhrt — by the king,
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— Amélie Kuhrt — dress, elabor
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— Amélie Kuhrt — The one autho
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— Amélie Kuhrt — C. Waerzegger
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ancestor cult 270, 281 Andarig 401
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cuneiform: tablets 1, 54; writing 9
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gift exchange 272-3, 491, 511 Gilga
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leaching 57-8 lead 127 leeks 46 len
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omens 253, 299, 303, 361-71, 373, 3
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soil 55; cultivation 57; improvemen
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Zabalam 18, 268 Zagros mountains 12
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