The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

More documents

Recommendations

Info

sustain profits partly because of the small population and partly because of a large supply from the ordinary domestic fishing industry. Norwegian trawling companies therefore primarily had to base their business on exports. But this was difficult indeed in the fresh fish market. Newly established and economically weak, such firms had to compete with big English and German trawling companies in their home markets. After 1933, however, the first successful Norwegian large-scale steam trawling companies were established. The main change compared to earlier failures was a shift in production strategy from fresh fish to salting the fish at sea. The dried and salted fish industry onshore stood behind these investments, and in 1936 Norway had a fleet of 11 large-scale steam trawlers. One can talk about a kind of vertical combination in this case, between the fishing, production and export sectors of the fishing industry. But successful investment in large-scale steam trawling in the Norwegian saltfish production and trade soon made the alarm bells ring among the traditional small-scale fishermen. The alarm bells were also set off in the political system, resulting in the Trawler Acts of 1936 and 1939. These acts made an increase in the number of Norwegian trawlers impossible and laid strict regulations as to the use of the existing ones. Small-scale fishermen partly resisted the trawlers because they regarded them as a threat to their traditional way of life and to the fish stocks. But the main argument in the thirties both for this small-scale resistance and for the legislator was the current economic situation. The fisheries, like the rest of the economy, were in a period of great depression, with decreased demand and low prices. A transition from the traditional fisheries to the more effective big trawlers would in this situation lead to unemployment for many fishermen. After World War II the situation changed, with work being a limited factor, combined with a high demand for fish in the markets. The restrictions in Norwegian trawling were modified, although many small-scale fishermen continued to fight against them. Even today the trawl net is under debate, but now the struggle is mainly concentrated on the question of trawling and its impact on the diminishing stocks of fish. In general, the technological modernization process of the fishing industry has made possible an enormous increase in catching capacity and effectiveness. 298 While Norway had c100,000 fishermen at the turn 298 Pharo 1983, 71f. 164
of the century, the number fell rapidly after 1945 and was just 30,000 around 1970. At this time the fish-farming economy hardly existed any more. Most of the employees of this sector were specialized fulltime fishermen. Their modern equipment gave them a production capacity which was nearly unlimited. For the first time in history they were able to deplete the fish stocks. In the herring fishery of Western Norway this nearly happened in the years before 1970, a development which represented a foretaste of what was going to happen in the fishing industry as a whole in the years to come. The natural resource proved to be finite and had to be protected by management systems. Literature Bertelsen, Reidar, Lofoten og Vesterålens Historie I. Kommunene i Lofoten og Vesterålen (1985) Bjørgo, Narve, ‘Vågastemna i mellomalderen’. Hamarspor (ed. Imsen-Sandvik) (Oslo, 1982) Bottolfsen, Øystein, ‘Befolkningsutvikling og næringsutvikling i Lofoten og Vesterålen 1769-1835’ (MA-thesis, Hovedoppgave i historie, Universitetet i Bergen, 1980) Brandal, Trygve, ‘Eit mellomspel i teknologiutviklinga— Fiskedampskipsflåten i Norge ca. 1885-1960’. Sjøfartshistorisk årbok 1983 Bratrein, Håvard Dahl, Karlsøy og Helgøy bygdebok I-IV (Hansnes, 1989-94) Brox, Arthur, Berg og Torsken bygdebok (Tromsø, 1965) Brox, Ottar, Nord-Norge: Fra allmenning til koloni. (Tromsø, 1984) Christensen, Pål (1991a), ‘“En havenes forpester - et kjempestinkdyr.” Om trålspørsmålet i Norge før 2. verdenskrig’. Historisk tidsskrift 1991:4 Christensen, Pål (1991b), Fiskerihistorie som etterkrigshistorisk forskningsfelt (Bergen, 1991) Christensen, Pål & Abraham Hallenstvedt, På første hånd. Norges Råfisklag gjennom femti år (Tromsø, 1990) Christensen, Pål and Gunnar Pedersen, Ishavsfolk, arbeidsfolk og fintfolk. Tromsø gjennom 10 000 år, 3, 1900-1945 (Tromsø, 1995) Coldevin, Axel, ‘Befolkningsforhold og økonomiske forhold i Nordland 1500-1800’. Håløygminne 1925-6 Coldevin, Axel, Næringsliv og priser i Nordland 1700-1880. Bergen, 1938 165
Page 1:
The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-
Page 4 and 5:
Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseets Studies
Page 6 and 7:
Contents Jón Th.Thór with Kjartan
Page 8 and 9:
north of the latitude of the Bay of
Page 10 and 11:
eighteenth century when the Newfoun
Page 12 and 13:
truck-system only two generations a
Page 14 and 15:
history of fishing plays an importa
Page 16 and 17:
available except for the very last
Page 18 and 19:
Little has sofar been written on th
Page 20 and 21:
has an emphasis on the life and wor
Page 22 and 23:
scholarly research and only few con
Page 24 and 25:
(Neskaupsstaður, 1983) Gíslason,
Page 26 and 27:
Snæfellsnesi, Suðurnesjum og í V
Page 28 and 29:
pattern of European economic develo
Page 30 and 31:
Basques fished in the Atlantic and
Page 32 and 33:
salt cod. Other sources, however, s
Page 34 and 35:
in Tvøroyri, which in the 1920s be
Page 36 and 37:
Nowadays the Danish term “klipfis
Page 38 and 39:
transport by sea, if not daily then
Page 40 and 41:
immediate post-war years, when the
Page 42 and 43:
production capacity of all the fish
Page 44 and 45:
heimskríggj. Eitt søguligt yvirli
Page 46 and 47:
Lafto, Thorolf, ‘Fiskhandel’. K
Page 49 and 50:
Whaling in the Faroe Islands, 1584-
Page 51 and 52:
Pilot and bottlenose whaling has al
Page 53 and 54:
Table 1 Number er of pilot whales c
Page 55 and 56:
Sometimes, the pods of long-finned
Page 57 and 58:
were soon established. In 1897 a se
Page 59 and 60:
The Faroe Islands are placed far aw
Page 61:
Joensen, J. P. ‘The Pilot Whale i
Page 64 and 65:
The Greenland Fishery before 1914 S
Page 66 and 67:
even more marked for the ordinary F
Page 68 and 69:
The result of Norwegian pressure wa
Page 70 and 71:
Greenland. The Lagting decided on 1
Page 72 and 73:
1930/31 Patursson repeated the main
Page 74 and 75:
All the major elements in the Faroe
Page 76 and 77:
and the Home Secretary promised Par
Page 78 and 79:
1) In recognition of the concession
Page 80 and 81:
In 1938 the Fishery Committee of th
Page 82 and 83:
the existing and future utilization
Page 84 and 85:
seriously. The issue was given more
Page 86 and 87:
Lagtingstidende, 1914-1940 (The pri
Page 88 and 89:
Table III. Faroese Fisheries, 1917-
Page 90 and 91:
variation. Several place names bear
Page 92 and 93:
and the use of unpublished sources
Page 94 and 95:
Greenland a whole world of comparis
Page 96 and 97:
Industrial Plants in 1959 Besides C
Page 98:
1990s. Due to expansion in other oc
Page 101 and 102:
a) The transition in Southern Green
Page 103 and 104:
Nolsøe, Karl, ‘Færøsk fiskeri
Page 105 and 106:
Dutch Fisheries: An Historiographic
Page 107 and 108:
The Infrastructure for Research on
Page 109 and 110:
Years’ War (1586-1648) and the im
Page 111 and 112:
The catch of cod and haddock has ne
Page 113 and 114: were active in the herring fishery.
Page 115 and 116: In 1719 the States General forbade
Page 117 and 118: 15 lasts. Its average crew was abou
Page 119 and 120: H.A.H. Boelmans Kranenburg and J.P.
Page 121 and 122: The Sea Fisheries of the British Is
Page 123 and 124: qualitative and uncorroborated, the
Page 125 and 126: fishing is clearly apparent in refe
Page 127 and 128: the percentage was possibly higher.
Page 129 and 130: across large expanses of sea. Moreo
Page 131 and 132: This sudden contraction was of some
Page 133 and 134: in English and Welsh ports is avail
Page 135 and 136: eyond the means of the inland urban
Page 137 and 138: A similar pattern of incremental in
Page 139 and 140: crofting communities of the highlan
Page 141 and 142: oceanographers might well provide h
Page 143 and 144: R N W Robinson, ‘The English Fish
Page 145 and 146: Norwegian Fisheries 1100-1970 Main
Page 147 and 148: ejected. The new social and economi
Page 149 and 150: In this early phase of commercial f
Page 151 and 152: common contention of historians tha
Page 153 and 154: The area which was dominated to the
Page 155 and 156: heavier competition on the fish mar
Page 157 and 158: and Lofoten reclaimed its pre-emine
Page 159 and 160: Russian sailing merchants from the
Page 161 and 162: experiment during a deep economic c
Page 163: In the cod fisheries, conflict was
Page 167 and 168: Nordlandene (Oslo, 1993) Klepp, Asb
Page 169 and 170: Fisheries in Western Sweden c1650-1
Page 171 and 172: From the older, printed and non-pri
Page 173 and 174: (National Archives) is the so calle
Page 175 and 176: Statistics - some examples Table I.
Page 177 and 178: Catches and Manpower in the Danish
Page 179 and 180: 300,000 barrels from the Sound and
Page 181 and 182: The wealth of monasteries around th
Page 183 and 184: In order to assess the magnitude of
Page 185 and 186: herring trade was to be challenged.
Page 187 and 188: fisheries off the Scaw and other sm
Page 189 and 190: which had been founded on a forbidd
Page 191 and 192: good years around 1617-22. 334 Evid
Page 193 and 194: from the fish trade to concentrate
Page 195 and 196: Norway and 43% abroad, mainly to L
Page 197 and 198: decade of the century did fishermen
Page 199 and 200: districts are rounded sums). Howeve
Page 201 and 202: decades the anchor seine was allowe
Page 203 and 204: By 1995, the fishing industry seems
Page 205 and 206: state G.F.C. Oeder will eventually
Page 207 and 208: Contributors Bertil Andersson, PhD,
Page 209 and 210: Statistical data on Dutch fishery:
Page 211 and 212: Economische Zaken en Arbeid, 1933-1
show all

The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?