The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

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Lolland-Falster. In 1771, fishing in these areas had been negligible, but in 1873 every fourth fisher family was located by these shores. The main fishing tackle of these fishermen was the pound net, used for plaice and cod. We know the broad outlines of the success of the pound net. In the 1790s and early 1800s private sponsors and state officials had encouraged a number of Zealand fishermen to adopt the herring pound net as used in the Limfiord, and they seem to have won some support. Then by 1825 the Limfiord fisheries experienced an ecological disaster when the sand barrier to the west once again succumbed to a North Sea storm, and the incoming salt water killed the stock of fiord herring. In the 1830s and 1840s there was a veritable diaspora of Limfiord fishermen who brought their nets to all the inner nooks of the Kattegat and the Baltic. They were the ones mainly responsible for the success of the pound net when they discovered that the technology might also, with slight modifications, be used for catching cod and plaice. However, the success would never have occurred unless a new market organisation had developed. Already by 1750, Bornholm fishmongers were carrying live cod in special well-boats to the Copenhagen fish market to obtain good prices. After 1814, they began buying live fish from North Jutland to supplement their own catches, but they soon discovered that the pound netters were able to serve them. From around 1840, South Funen skippers also participated in this trade which may be considered the first truly national fish marketing organisation. The live transportation of the fish secured the best prices for the fishermen, and thus was the first step taken in the modernisation of the fisheries. For the first time in centuries, fishermen were earning good money and a century of expansion of Danish fishing could begin. THE BREAKTHROUGH OF THE DANISH SEINE FISHERY, 1850-1950 In 1848, farmer-fisherman Jens Laursen Væver first deployed the anchor seine from a boat. Using his method, fishermen in the Limfiord recovered from the loss of the fresh-water herring stock when they discovered a plentiful stock of plaice had settled in the by now salty water of the fiord. Government officials were concerned that the gear was too efficient and restricted its use by the first fisheries act passed by Danish parliament in 1857. By 1870 most officials agreed that the culling of stocks increased the productivity of the sea, and in the next two 200
decades the anchor seine was allowed and spread along the Danish coast, first in the Kattegat; by 1887 the gear was introduced in the North Sea town of Esbjerg. From 1880, government loans helped finance the building of numerous sailing vessels of 20-40 tons which were ideally suited to the inner waters of Denmark. 356 When the railway system linked up with the new fish auction established in Hamburg in 1887, the framework for the Danish fish trade had been established. The west coast fishermen soon invested in sea-going seiners which became the hall-mark of late nineteenth- and twentieth-century Danish fishing. Already by 1900, Esbjerg boasted 71 seiners and pionereed the adaptation of the hot-bulb engine to fishing craft. The first motor was installed in 1896, and in the next five years most Danish North Sea vessels turned from sail to motor. 357 The development of the Danish fisheries differed markedly from the British which was characterised by steam-powered steel trawlers. The capital required to build a trawler was so high that almost all Britsh vessels were owned by limited liability joint stock companies, while the Danish wooden cutter was obtainable for many young fishermen who became independent skippers even in their twenties. Earnings in the Danish fishing industry were higher than in most other markets for semi-skilled labour. 358 Around 1900, a large-scale project to imitate the British-style fisheries in the North Atlantic failed when the owners found that they were not able to pay a competitive wage relative to the home fisheries. 359 In the next fifty years the mainstream of the fishing industry therefore was made up of small and medium-sized wooden seiners owned by single skippers. Sales were handled through a fine mesh of fish auctions and fishmongers and exports were efficiently organised using first railways and by the 1930s lorries to take the fish to the German market and elsewhere. Most fish was sold fresh. From 1900 to 1950 total full-time employment in the fishing fleet grew from 11,233 to 14,260 men. 360 356 Poul Holm, Kystfolk. 357 There is a vast literature on this subject. For an introduction, see Alan Hjorth Rasmussen, Vejen til Nordsøen... 358 Hahn-Pedersen & Holm, ‘The Danish Maritime Labour Market’. 359 Holm, Technology Transfer and Social Setting’, 113-57. 360 Fiskeri-beretning for Året 1950 (Copenhagen, 1951) 78. 201
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The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-
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Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseets Studies
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Contents Jón Th.Thór with Kjartan
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north of the latitude of the Bay of
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eighteenth century when the Newfoun
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truck-system only two generations a
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history of fishing plays an importa
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available except for the very last
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Little has sofar been written on th
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has an emphasis on the life and wor
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scholarly research and only few con
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(Neskaupsstaður, 1983) Gíslason,
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Snæfellsnesi, Suðurnesjum og í V
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pattern of European economic develo
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Basques fished in the Atlantic and
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salt cod. Other sources, however, s
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in Tvøroyri, which in the 1920s be
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Nowadays the Danish term “klipfis
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transport by sea, if not daily then
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immediate post-war years, when the
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production capacity of all the fish
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heimskríggj. Eitt søguligt yvirli
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Lafto, Thorolf, ‘Fiskhandel’. K
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Whaling in the Faroe Islands, 1584-
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Pilot and bottlenose whaling has al
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Table 1 Number er of pilot whales c
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Sometimes, the pods of long-finned
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were soon established. In 1897 a se
Page 59 and 60:
The Faroe Islands are placed far aw
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Joensen, J. P. ‘The Pilot Whale i
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The Greenland Fishery before 1914 S
Page 66 and 67:
even more marked for the ordinary F
Page 68 and 69:
The result of Norwegian pressure wa
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Greenland. The Lagting decided on 1
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1930/31 Patursson repeated the main
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All the major elements in the Faroe
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and the Home Secretary promised Par
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1) In recognition of the concession
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In 1938 the Fishery Committee of th
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the existing and future utilization
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seriously. The issue was given more
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Lagtingstidende, 1914-1940 (The pri
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Table III. Faroese Fisheries, 1917-
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variation. Several place names bear
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and the use of unpublished sources
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Greenland a whole world of comparis
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Industrial Plants in 1959 Besides C
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1990s. Due to expansion in other oc
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a) The transition in Southern Green
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Nolsøe, Karl, ‘Færøsk fiskeri
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Dutch Fisheries: An Historiographic
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The Infrastructure for Research on
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Years’ War (1586-1648) and the im
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The catch of cod and haddock has ne
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were active in the herring fishery.
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In 1719 the States General forbade
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15 lasts. Its average crew was abou
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H.A.H. Boelmans Kranenburg and J.P.
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The Sea Fisheries of the British Is
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qualitative and uncorroborated, the
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fishing is clearly apparent in refe
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the percentage was possibly higher.
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across large expanses of sea. Moreo
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This sudden contraction was of some
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in English and Welsh ports is avail
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eyond the means of the inland urban
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A similar pattern of incremental in
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crofting communities of the highlan
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oceanographers might well provide h
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R N W Robinson, ‘The English Fish
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Norwegian Fisheries 1100-1970 Main
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ejected. The new social and economi
Page 149 and 150: In this early phase of commercial f
Page 151 and 152: common contention of historians tha
Page 153 and 154: The area which was dominated to the
Page 155 and 156: heavier competition on the fish mar
Page 157 and 158: and Lofoten reclaimed its pre-emine
Page 159 and 160: Russian sailing merchants from the
Page 161 and 162: experiment during a deep economic c
Page 163 and 164: In the cod fisheries, conflict was
Page 165 and 166: of the century, the number fell rap
Page 167 and 168: Nordlandene (Oslo, 1993) Klepp, Asb
Page 169 and 170: Fisheries in Western Sweden c1650-1
Page 171 and 172: From the older, printed and non-pri
Page 173 and 174: (National Archives) is the so calle
Page 175 and 176: Statistics - some examples Table I.
Page 177 and 178: Catches and Manpower in the Danish
Page 179 and 180: 300,000 barrels from the Sound and
Page 181 and 182: The wealth of monasteries around th
Page 183 and 184: In order to assess the magnitude of
Page 185 and 186: herring trade was to be challenged.
Page 187 and 188: fisheries off the Scaw and other sm
Page 189 and 190: which had been founded on a forbidd
Page 191 and 192: good years around 1617-22. 334 Evid
Page 193 and 194: from the fish trade to concentrate
Page 195 and 196: Norway and 43% abroad, mainly to L
Page 197 and 198: decade of the century did fishermen
Page 199: districts are rounded sums). Howeve
Page 203 and 204: By 1995, the fishing industry seems
Page 205 and 206: state G.F.C. Oeder will eventually
Page 207 and 208: Contributors Bertil Andersson, PhD,
Page 209 and 210: Statistical data on Dutch fishery:
Page 211 and 212: Economische Zaken en Arbeid, 1933-1
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