The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The commercial Northeast Atlantic exploitation of the baleen whale species started in the sixteenth century with the catching of Bowhead (Eubalaena glacialis). Later, in the seventeenth century, Shetland, Scottish, Orkney, English, Dutch, and later also Danish-Norwegian whalers learnt from the Basques and began to catch the whales and Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) first at Svalbard, later further to the west in the North Atlantic. 113 In 1863 the Norwegian Svend Foyn built the first steam whaler (Spes et Fides), and in 1870 he invented the bomb harpoon, which made it possible to hunt also the faster swimming rorquals, species such as Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus), Fin Whale (B. physalus), Sei Whale (B. borealis), Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), and at last also the small Minke Whale (B. acutorostrata). Svend Foyn also invented the inflation lance at that time to fill the killed whales with compressed air preventing them from sinking. These three inventions revolutionised the whaling industry in such a way that the populations were soon depleted off northern Norway, and the Norwegian Parliament banned whaling off the three northernmost fylker of Norway by an Act coming into force in 1904. Accordingly, Norwegian whalers from Tønsberg led by Svend Foyn moved first to Iceland in 1883, to Newfoundland in 1889, and in 1892 to Gryteviken in South Georgia. The Tønsberg whalers worked only on a small scale in the Faroes. This area was occupied by whalers from Sandefjord who went first to Iceland in 1883, to the Antarctic in 1892, then to the Faroes in 1893, and finally to Shetland in 1894. 114 Faroese whaling was based mostly on fin whales, since the blue whale was becoming scarce at that time. Hans Albert Grøn from Sandefjord, Norway, started up in the Faroes in 1893 and built the first whaling station at Gjánoyri, north of Streymnes at Streymoy. Grøn had his first catching season in 1894 with the whaling boat Urd and got 46 whales and 940 barrels of oil. 115 The first year was taxfree, but from 1895, a tax of 25 DKK per whale had to be paid to the Faroes, and from 1897 this was doubled to 50 DKK per whale. The first catching years in the Faroes were so successful that other companies 113 P.U. Jepsen, 1994. R. Smith, 1993. 114 S. Risting, 1922. J.N. Tønnesen, 1967. J.N. Tønnesen & A.O. Johnsen, 1982. 115 S. Risting, 1922. 56
were soon established. In 1897 a second company, Norddeble from Kristiania, was founded by Andorsen and Normann and the master was Peder Michelsen from Sandefjord. The most important company was Suderø, based at the island of Suðuroy and started in 1905 by a lawyer from Sandefjord, Peder Olsen Bogen, in company with the merchant family Mortensen of Tvøroyri at Suðuroy. This company was working until 1953 and from the inter-war period was completely Faroese owned. In all, six Norwegian founded companies operated in the Faroes, while in 1905 the company Salvesen from Leith, Scotland, was established at við Áir, close to Hósvík, Streymoy. 116 The remaining buildings of the company’s factory, at við Áir, are the only ones still standing, the plant being worked until 1984 and purchased by the Faroese Government. 117 In 1905 the oldest factory Urd was rebuilt for guano and fertiliser production, while the other companies shipped meat and bone to Stavanger. Attempts were also made to produce a whalemeat export in tins, named Sassa Filet. This survived only for a short time, because the tins contained rotten whalemeat in the second year. In the period 1894-1984 large baleen whaling has been conducted from seven land bases and from 17 whalers at its peak, only disrupted by World Wars I and II and for shorter periods in between. Tables III and IV give the number of the different species caught. Generally, Faroese offshore whaling was characterised by an irregular catch caused by the unstable weather conditions. As an aside, it can be mentioned that the Norwegian whalers were very welcome in the Faroes, unlike the situation in Shetland. 118 The Faroes are placed on the migration route of the baleen whales. The logbooks from the old whalers show that when in spring time they met a blue or fin whale out on the banks southwest of the Faroes (Faroe Bank, Bill Baily Bank, Lousy Bank), it was easier to follow the whale than use the compass for reaching the Faroes for the whales would reach 116 Risting, 1922; Tønnesen, 1967; Tønnesen and Johnsen, 1982. 117 J.S. Joensen. 1980. 118 Risting, 1922; Smith, 1995. 57
Page 1:
The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-
Page 4 and 5:
Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseets Studies
Page 6 and 7: Contents Jón Th.Thór with Kjartan
Page 8 and 9: north of the latitude of the Bay of
Page 10 and 11: eighteenth century when the Newfoun
Page 12 and 13: truck-system only two generations a
Page 14 and 15: history of fishing plays an importa
Page 16 and 17: available except for the very last
Page 18 and 19: Little has sofar been written on th
Page 20 and 21: has an emphasis on the life and wor
Page 22 and 23: scholarly research and only few con
Page 24 and 25: (Neskaupsstaður, 1983) Gíslason,
Page 26 and 27: Snæfellsnesi, Suðurnesjum og í V
Page 28 and 29: pattern of European economic develo
Page 30 and 31: Basques fished in the Atlantic and
Page 32 and 33: salt cod. Other sources, however, s
Page 34 and 35: in Tvøroyri, which in the 1920s be
Page 36 and 37: Nowadays the Danish term “klipfis
Page 38 and 39: transport by sea, if not daily then
Page 40 and 41: immediate post-war years, when the
Page 42 and 43: production capacity of all the fish
Page 44 and 45: heimskríggj. Eitt søguligt yvirli
Page 46 and 47: Lafto, Thorolf, ‘Fiskhandel’. K
Page 49 and 50: Whaling in the Faroe Islands, 1584-
Page 51 and 52: Pilot and bottlenose whaling has al
Page 53 and 54: Table 1 Number er of pilot whales c
Page 55: Sometimes, the pods of long-finned
Page 59 and 60: The Faroe Islands are placed far aw
Page 61: Joensen, J. P. ‘The Pilot Whale i
Page 64 and 65: The Greenland Fishery before 1914 S
Page 66 and 67: even more marked for the ordinary F
Page 68 and 69: The result of Norwegian pressure wa
Page 70 and 71: Greenland. The Lagting decided on 1
Page 72 and 73: 1930/31 Patursson repeated the main
Page 74 and 75: All the major elements in the Faroe
Page 76 and 77: and the Home Secretary promised Par
Page 78 and 79: 1) In recognition of the concession
Page 80 and 81: In 1938 the Fishery Committee of th
Page 82 and 83: the existing and future utilization
Page 84 and 85: seriously. The issue was given more
Page 86 and 87: Lagtingstidende, 1914-1940 (The pri
Page 88 and 89: Table III. Faroese Fisheries, 1917-
Page 90 and 91: variation. Several place names bear
Page 92 and 93: and the use of unpublished sources
Page 94 and 95: Greenland a whole world of comparis
Page 96 and 97: Industrial Plants in 1959 Besides C
Page 98: 1990s. Due to expansion in other oc
Page 101 and 102: a) The transition in Southern Green
Page 103 and 104: Nolsøe, Karl, ‘Færøsk fiskeri
Page 105 and 106: Dutch Fisheries: An Historiographic
Page 107 and 108:
The Infrastructure for Research on
Page 109 and 110:
Years’ War (1586-1648) and the im
Page 111 and 112:
The catch of cod and haddock has ne
Page 113 and 114:
were active in the herring fishery.
Page 115 and 116:
In 1719 the States General forbade
Page 117 and 118:
15 lasts. Its average crew was abou
Page 119 and 120:
H.A.H. Boelmans Kranenburg and J.P.
Page 121 and 122:
The Sea Fisheries of the British Is
Page 123 and 124:
qualitative and uncorroborated, the
Page 125 and 126:
fishing is clearly apparent in refe
Page 127 and 128:
the percentage was possibly higher.
Page 129 and 130:
across large expanses of sea. Moreo
Page 131 and 132:
This sudden contraction was of some
Page 133 and 134:
in English and Welsh ports is avail
Page 135 and 136:
eyond the means of the inland urban
Page 137 and 138:
A similar pattern of incremental in
Page 139 and 140:
crofting communities of the highlan
Page 141 and 142:
oceanographers might well provide h
Page 143 and 144:
R N W Robinson, ‘The English Fish
Page 145 and 146:
Norwegian Fisheries 1100-1970 Main
Page 147 and 148:
ejected. The new social and economi
Page 149 and 150:
In this early phase of commercial f
Page 151 and 152:
common contention of historians tha
Page 153 and 154:
The area which was dominated to the
Page 155 and 156:
heavier competition on the fish mar
Page 157 and 158:
and Lofoten reclaimed its pre-emine
Page 159 and 160:
Russian sailing merchants from the
Page 161 and 162:
experiment during a deep economic c
Page 163 and 164:
In the cod fisheries, conflict was
Page 165 and 166:
of the century, the number fell rap
Page 167 and 168:
Nordlandene (Oslo, 1993) Klepp, Asb
Page 169 and 170:
Fisheries in Western Sweden c1650-1
Page 171 and 172:
From the older, printed and non-pri
Page 173 and 174:
(National Archives) is the so calle
Page 175 and 176:
Statistics - some examples Table I.
Page 177 and 178:
Catches and Manpower in the Danish
Page 179 and 180:
300,000 barrels from the Sound and
Page 181 and 182:
The wealth of monasteries around th
Page 183 and 184:
In order to assess the magnitude of
Page 185 and 186:
herring trade was to be challenged.
Page 187 and 188:
fisheries off the Scaw and other sm
Page 189 and 190:
which had been founded on a forbidd
Page 191 and 192:
good years around 1617-22. 334 Evid
Page 193 and 194:
from the fish trade to concentrate
Page 195 and 196:
Norway and 43% abroad, mainly to L
Page 197 and 198:
decade of the century did fishermen
Page 199 and 200:
districts are rounded sums). Howeve
Page 201 and 202:
decades the anchor seine was allowe
Page 203 and 204:
By 1995, the fishing industry seems
Page 205 and 206:
state G.F.C. Oeder will eventually
Page 207 and 208:
Contributors Bertil Andersson, PhD,
Page 209 and 210:
Statistical data on Dutch fishery:
Page 211 and 212:
Economische Zaken en Arbeid, 1933-1
show all

The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?