The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

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The Greenland Fishery before 1914 Since the Viking Age the inhabitants of the 17 populated Faroese Islands have lived in a mixed self-sufficient economy of cattle and sheep farming on the one hand and coastal fishery with some whaling and fowling on the other. From the 1880s, with a turning point around 1900, the fishery became the dominant economic sector, and at the same time finally brought the Islands within the orbit of the fluctuating, modern world market. Up to the 1960s Faroese fishery technology was constantly behind the more advanced British trawlers and gear. In the late nineteenth century, when the UK fishermen invested in modern steam trawlers, the Faroese bought the old sloop and smack sailing vessels from the Shetlanders and the Scots, and after the Second World War the Faroese bought outdated steam trawlers there instead of investing in modern diesel-engine trawlers. 126 While British steam trawlers overfished the nearby rich grounds of Færø Bank, Bill Bailey Bank and Lousy Bank from 1880 to 1939 and physically drew the small Faroese vessels away, the smacks of the Islands tried their luck off Iceland with hand line and long line. A few fishing vessels sailed further, to Newfoundland and elsewhere, but much of the Faroese deep-sea fishery up to the First World War was concentrated in the coastal waters of Iceland. The increasing international fishery, with steam and motor trawlers off Iceland after 1920, was a real menace to the traditional Faroese—as well as to the Icelandic—fishery in these waters. In the 1918 independence treaty between Denmark and Iceland, Denmark had secured Faroese fishing rights in Icelandic waters for a time, and a counter clause opened up Greenlandic waters a little for Icelandic fishing. 127 126 For the Faroese transition from an agricultural to a fishing society see J. P. Joensen’s article here and his book, Folk og fisk, 1985. The Danish abolition of foreign and Danish (including Faroese, Icelandic and Norwegian) intrusion and catching in Greenlandic waters and coastal areas dates back to a royal charter of 1776 which was the basis for the protectionistic policy of the departments and ministeries in Copenhagen until a new statute was passed in 1925. The authors express their sincere thanks to Sidsel Wåhlin for help with the manuscript. 127 Document from the Ministry of the Interior, 11 February 1926, printed in ‘Grønlandsmál’, 3, Lagtingstidende, 1938. 64
From 1920 to 1922, as Table I shows, the percentage of the catch taken by smaller boats in Faroese waters fell from 39% to 7% of the total Faroese catch. In 1922 the Faroese catch off Iceland reached its peak, accounting for 93% of the total Faroese fishery measured in tons. Table I Year Fishery Faroe Iceland Greenland Bear I/N.Nrw. in tons waters % waters % waters % waters % 1920 27322 39 61 - - 1921 34648 16 84 - - 1922 43526 7 93 - - 1923 39298 11 89 - - 1924 35255 12 88 - - 1925 35537 19 81 - - 1926 46346 12 83 5 - 1927 47277 14 80 6 - 1928 55027 8 90 2 - 1929 66300 3 82 15 - 1930 80052 3 66 31 - 1931 76159 2 71 27 - 1932 68087 7 71 22 - 1933 66517 3 70 27 - 1934 56069 3 50 45 2 1935 48838 3 59 36 2 1936 43468 3 32 37 28 1937 51493 6 39 47 8 1938 58340 5 39 43 13 Sources: Fiskivinnuskrivstovan, Tórshavn. Cf. K. Nolsøe, “Færøsk fiskeri “, 1973, pp. 199-208. The essential export product was salted, or dried and salted, fish. The value in Danish kroner per kilo was in 1920: 0.80, in 1925: 0.53, in 1930: 0.25 and in 1938: 0.30, with its lowest point in 1932 of 0.19, or a quarter of the 1920 price. A similar dramatic fall in the national value of the fishery is demonstrated if we look at the yearly income in Danish kroner (DKK) per fisherman: in 1920 2,924, in 1925 2,189, in 1930 2,167 and in 1938 1,746. Income was at its lowest in 1932 with only 1,455 DKK earned by each employed fisherman. Taking high unemployment into consideration and the fact that the crisis also meant lower income for the female workforce in the fishing industry, the depth of the crisis was 65
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The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-
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Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseets Studies
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Contents Jón Th.Thór with Kjartan
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north of the latitude of the Bay of
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eighteenth century when the Newfoun
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truck-system only two generations a
Page 14 and 15: history of fishing plays an importa
Page 16 and 17: available except for the very last
Page 18 and 19: Little has sofar been written on th
Page 20 and 21: has an emphasis on the life and wor
Page 22 and 23: scholarly research and only few con
Page 24 and 25: (Neskaupsstaður, 1983) Gíslason,
Page 26 and 27: Snæfellsnesi, Suðurnesjum og í V
Page 28 and 29: pattern of European economic develo
Page 30 and 31: Basques fished in the Atlantic and
Page 32 and 33: salt cod. Other sources, however, s
Page 34 and 35: in Tvøroyri, which in the 1920s be
Page 36 and 37: Nowadays the Danish term “klipfis
Page 38 and 39: transport by sea, if not daily then
Page 40 and 41: immediate post-war years, when the
Page 42 and 43: production capacity of all the fish
Page 44 and 45: heimskríggj. Eitt søguligt yvirli
Page 46 and 47: Lafto, Thorolf, ‘Fiskhandel’. K
Page 49 and 50: Whaling in the Faroe Islands, 1584-
Page 51 and 52: Pilot and bottlenose whaling has al
Page 53 and 54: Table 1 Number er of pilot whales c
Page 55 and 56: Sometimes, the pods of long-finned
Page 57 and 58: were soon established. In 1897 a se
Page 59 and 60: The Faroe Islands are placed far aw
Page 61: Joensen, J. P. ‘The Pilot Whale i
Page 66 and 67: even more marked for the ordinary F
Page 68 and 69: The result of Norwegian pressure wa
Page 70 and 71: Greenland. The Lagting decided on 1
Page 72 and 73: 1930/31 Patursson repeated the main
Page 74 and 75: All the major elements in the Faroe
Page 76 and 77: and the Home Secretary promised Par
Page 78 and 79: 1) In recognition of the concession
Page 80 and 81: In 1938 the Fishery Committee of th
Page 82 and 83: the existing and future utilization
Page 84 and 85: seriously. The issue was given more
Page 86 and 87: Lagtingstidende, 1914-1940 (The pri
Page 88 and 89: Table III. Faroese Fisheries, 1917-
Page 90 and 91: variation. Several place names bear
Page 92 and 93: and the use of unpublished sources
Page 94 and 95: Greenland a whole world of comparis
Page 96 and 97: Industrial Plants in 1959 Besides C
Page 98: 1990s. Due to expansion in other oc
Page 101 and 102: a) The transition in Southern Green
Page 103 and 104: Nolsøe, Karl, ‘Færøsk fiskeri
Page 105 and 106: Dutch Fisheries: An Historiographic
Page 107 and 108: The Infrastructure for Research on
Page 109 and 110: Years’ War (1586-1648) and the im
Page 111 and 112: The catch of cod and haddock has ne
Page 113 and 114: were active in the herring fishery.
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In 1719 the States General forbade
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15 lasts. Its average crew was abou
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H.A.H. Boelmans Kranenburg and J.P.
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The Sea Fisheries of the British Is
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qualitative and uncorroborated, the
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fishing is clearly apparent in refe
Page 127 and 128:
the percentage was possibly higher.
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across large expanses of sea. Moreo
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This sudden contraction was of some
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in English and Welsh ports is avail
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eyond the means of the inland urban
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A similar pattern of incremental in
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crofting communities of the highlan
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oceanographers might well provide h
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R N W Robinson, ‘The English Fish
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Norwegian Fisheries 1100-1970 Main
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ejected. The new social and economi
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In this early phase of commercial f
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common contention of historians tha
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The area which was dominated to the
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heavier competition on the fish mar
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and Lofoten reclaimed its pre-emine
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Russian sailing merchants from the
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experiment during a deep economic c
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In the cod fisheries, conflict was
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of the century, the number fell rap
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Nordlandene (Oslo, 1993) Klepp, Asb
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Fisheries in Western Sweden c1650-1
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From the older, printed and non-pri
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(National Archives) is the so calle
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Statistics - some examples Table I.
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Catches and Manpower in the Danish
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300,000 barrels from the Sound and
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The wealth of monasteries around th
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In order to assess the magnitude of
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herring trade was to be challenged.
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fisheries off the Scaw and other sm
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which had been founded on a forbidd
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good years around 1617-22. 334 Evid
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from the fish trade to concentrate
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Norway and 43% abroad, mainly to L
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decade of the century did fishermen
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districts are rounded sums). Howeve
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decades the anchor seine was allowe
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By 1995, the fishing industry seems
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state G.F.C. Oeder will eventually
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Contributors Bertil Andersson, PhD,
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Statistical data on Dutch fishery:
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Economische Zaken en Arbeid, 1933-1
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The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

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