The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-1976 - University of Hull

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During the late nineteenth century, the Faroe Islands entered the baleen and sperm whaling industry in its last phase. 100 This business was started up to export barrels of whale oil, while the meat was mostly eaten locally. The isolated geographical situation of the Faroe Islands has probably limited international knowledge of Faroese whaling. 101 This paper provides an overview of the drive fishery on smaller toothed delphinid whales, and offshore whaling, primarily on baleen whales, conducted by the Faroese. The Faroese Drive Fishery on Pilot and Bottlenose Whales, 1584-1994 In the traditional drive fishery for pilot and bottlenose whales, entire schools are sighted in the vicinity of the islands from land or from boat and then driven ashore by small fishing boats under the guidance of foremen and dispatched on the beach by a group of men waiting there. Therefore, pilot and bottlenose whaling has always been a well-organized social event. The hunt is still today communal and non-commercial in character, meat and blubber are shared free amongst the local inhabitants, and there is no factory processing nor any special whaling boats or whalers. A detailed description of the sequence of events comprising the pilot whaling, named grind in Faroese, which also means a school of pilot whales, can be found in Bloch et al. (1990). 102 ‘Grind’ is used here for a beached school of pilot whales according to the practice used by the ICES Study Group on Long-Finned Pilot Whales. 103 In many ways, the bottlenose drive fishery resembles the pilot whale drive fishery, although bottlenose pods are sighted much closer to shore than pilot whale pods, and on many occasions strand without human interference. The bottlenose whales are also taken non-commercially for local human consumption without factory processing. Unlike pilot whales, the blubber from bottlenose whales has never been consumed because of its laxative effect, but it was previously used for oil production and is still in medical use. 104 100 D. Bloch, 1993. Degerbøl, 1935-42. 101 P. Holm, 1995. 102 D. Bloch, G. Desportes, K. Hoydal & P. Jean, 1990. 103 D. Butterworth (ed.), 1993. 104 H.E. Høst, 1875. J. Rosing, 1965. 50
Pilot and bottlenose whaling has always been a strictly controlled activity and the laws and regulations still in force today have their roots in old Norse regulations, such as the Gulating Law and the Norwegian Law of Christian V of Denmark and Norway. These rules governed Faroese whaling until the first Faroese written regulations came into force in 1832. 105 The Pilot Whaling Regulation is renewed according to ongoing changes in the community and it describes in detail the regulations and fees governing the sequence of events in pilot whaling. The latest updating of the Pilot Whaling Regulation was made by Executive Order no. 55 of 16 May 1995. According to the old Norse system, the products of whaling and fowling activities belonged to the owners of land, though compensation was given to participants in the hunt as was the case when pilot whaling was conducted in Shetland. 106 At the christening of the islands about the year 1000, the Faroese people had to pay taxes to the owners of the land where whales were beached, to the church and to the king. 107 Because the produce of whaling was divided between powerful interests such as the church, the king and the landowners, the Faroese sýslumenn, i.e. local sheriffs, had to write detailed reports from every whale hunt and send them to the government, generating pilot whaling, and also bottlenose whaling, statistics. At the Reformation in 1584, the Faroese local administration took over Jarðabøkurnar, the journals of the land and landowners, and these also include whaling statistics. The church took tithes, i.e. a tenth of the income, of whaling until this was abolished by a commutation in 1908. Before 1832, landowners received half of the yield of pilot and bottlenose whaling (meat, blubber and oil), but when Faroese pilot whaling was regulated in 1832, the landowners’ part was diminished to a quarter and it was totally cancelled in 1935 for pilot whales, and in 1950 for bottlenose whales. 108 105 E.A. Bjørk, 1956-1963. H. J. Debes, 1990. K. Sanderson, 1992. Seyðabrævið. 106 Seyðabrævið. D. Bloch, 1994. 107 H. J. Debes, 1990:100. 108 E.A. Bjørk 1956-1963, III: 252, 277. 51
Page 1: The North Atlantic Fisheries, 1100-
Page 4 and 5: Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseets Studies
Page 6 and 7: Contents Jón Th.Thór with Kjartan
Page 8 and 9: north of the latitude of the Bay of
Page 10 and 11: eighteenth century when the Newfoun
Page 12 and 13: truck-system only two generations a
Page 14 and 15: history of fishing plays an importa
Page 16 and 17: available except for the very last
Page 18 and 19: Little has sofar been written on th
Page 20 and 21: has an emphasis on the life and wor
Page 22 and 23: scholarly research and only few con
Page 24 and 25: (Neskaupsstaður, 1983) Gíslason,
Page 26 and 27: Snæfellsnesi, Suðurnesjum og í V
Page 28 and 29: pattern of European economic develo
Page 30 and 31: Basques fished in the Atlantic and
Page 32 and 33: salt cod. Other sources, however, s
Page 34 and 35: in Tvøroyri, which in the 1920s be
Page 36 and 37: Nowadays the Danish term “klipfis
Page 38 and 39: transport by sea, if not daily then
Page 40 and 41: immediate post-war years, when the
Page 42 and 43: production capacity of all the fish
Page 44 and 45: heimskríggj. Eitt søguligt yvirli
Page 46 and 47: Lafto, Thorolf, ‘Fiskhandel’. K
Page 49: Whaling in the Faroe Islands, 1584-
Page 53 and 54: Table 1 Number er of pilot whales c
Page 55 and 56: Sometimes, the pods of long-finned
Page 57 and 58: were soon established. In 1897 a se
Page 59 and 60: The Faroe Islands are placed far aw
Page 61: Joensen, J. P. ‘The Pilot Whale i
Page 64 and 65: The Greenland Fishery before 1914 S
Page 66 and 67: even more marked for the ordinary F
Page 68 and 69: The result of Norwegian pressure wa
Page 70 and 71: Greenland. The Lagting decided on 1
Page 72 and 73: 1930/31 Patursson repeated the main
Page 74 and 75: All the major elements in the Faroe
Page 76 and 77: and the Home Secretary promised Par
Page 78 and 79: 1) In recognition of the concession
Page 80 and 81: In 1938 the Fishery Committee of th
Page 82 and 83: the existing and future utilization
Page 84 and 85: seriously. The issue was given more
Page 86 and 87: Lagtingstidende, 1914-1940 (The pri
Page 88 and 89: Table III. Faroese Fisheries, 1917-
Page 90 and 91: variation. Several place names bear
Page 92 and 93: and the use of unpublished sources
Page 94 and 95: Greenland a whole world of comparis
Page 96 and 97: Industrial Plants in 1959 Besides C
Page 98: 1990s. Due to expansion in other oc
Page 101 and 102:
a) The transition in Southern Green
Page 103 and 104:
Nolsøe, Karl, ‘Færøsk fiskeri
Page 105 and 106:
Dutch Fisheries: An Historiographic
Page 107 and 108:
The Infrastructure for Research on
Page 109 and 110:
Years’ War (1586-1648) and the im
Page 111 and 112:
The catch of cod and haddock has ne
Page 113 and 114:
were active in the herring fishery.
Page 115 and 116:
In 1719 the States General forbade
Page 117 and 118:
15 lasts. Its average crew was abou
Page 119 and 120:
H.A.H. Boelmans Kranenburg and J.P.
Page 121 and 122:
The Sea Fisheries of the British Is
Page 123 and 124:
qualitative and uncorroborated, the
Page 125 and 126:
fishing is clearly apparent in refe
Page 127 and 128:
the percentage was possibly higher.
Page 129 and 130:
across large expanses of sea. Moreo
Page 131 and 132:
This sudden contraction was of some
Page 133 and 134:
in English and Welsh ports is avail
Page 135 and 136:
eyond the means of the inland urban
Page 137 and 138:
A similar pattern of incremental in
Page 139 and 140:
crofting communities of the highlan
Page 141 and 142:
oceanographers might well provide h
Page 143 and 144:
R N W Robinson, ‘The English Fish
Page 145 and 146:
Norwegian Fisheries 1100-1970 Main
Page 147 and 148:
ejected. The new social and economi
Page 149 and 150:
In this early phase of commercial f
Page 151 and 152:
common contention of historians tha
Page 153 and 154:
The area which was dominated to the
Page 155 and 156:
heavier competition on the fish mar
Page 157 and 158:
and Lofoten reclaimed its pre-emine
Page 159 and 160:
Russian sailing merchants from the
Page 161 and 162:
experiment during a deep economic c
Page 163 and 164:
In the cod fisheries, conflict was
Page 165 and 166:
of the century, the number fell rap
Page 167 and 168:
Nordlandene (Oslo, 1993) Klepp, Asb
Page 169 and 170:
Fisheries in Western Sweden c1650-1
Page 171 and 172:
From the older, printed and non-pri
Page 173 and 174:
(National Archives) is the so calle
Page 175 and 176:
Statistics - some examples Table I.
Page 177 and 178:
Catches and Manpower in the Danish
Page 179 and 180:
300,000 barrels from the Sound and
Page 181 and 182:
The wealth of monasteries around th
Page 183 and 184:
In order to assess the magnitude of
Page 185 and 186:
herring trade was to be challenged.
Page 187 and 188:
fisheries off the Scaw and other sm
Page 189 and 190:
which had been founded on a forbidd
Page 191 and 192:
good years around 1617-22. 334 Evid
Page 193 and 194:
from the fish trade to concentrate
Page 195 and 196:
Norway and 43% abroad, mainly to L
Page 197 and 198:
decade of the century did fishermen
Page 199 and 200:
districts are rounded sums). Howeve
Page 201 and 202:
decades the anchor seine was allowe
Page 203 and 204:
By 1995, the fishing industry seems
Page 205 and 206:
state G.F.C. Oeder will eventually
Page 207 and 208:
Contributors Bertil Andersson, PhD,
Page 209 and 210:
Statistical data on Dutch fishery:
Page 211 and 212:
Economische Zaken en Arbeid, 1933-1
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