Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European ...

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The Netherlands 165 his allies will be able to build a stable and disciplined populist party following their electoral breakthrough in 2006. Yet even if they fail, Dutch populism will probably make a comeback sooner or later. Most of the conditions favouring the rise of populist parties are still present in the Netherlands: an open electoral system; a consociational and consensus-orientated political system without substantial ideological differences between parties; parties that are no longer supported by a loyal mass media and mass organizations, growing numbers of floating voters and an increasing presence of Muslims who are perceived as ‘dangerous aliens’ by many indigenous Dutch people and who, as a consequence, may feel encouraged to meet these expectations and indeed behave as ‘dangerous aliens’. In other words, populism may be the inevitable companion of consociationalism in a polity where pillars no longer link political elites to the masses. We may conclude, therefore, that populism has come to stay in the Netherlands. Notes 1. Figures reported by the parties themselves, either in party documents (see Voerman, 1996) or directly to the Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties. 2. Surprisingly, perhaps, European integration and the introduction of the Euro did not play a significant role either.
11 France: The FRONT NATIONAL, Ethnonationalism and Populism Jens Rydgren Introduction The Front National (FN) has been one of the most successful of all populist parties in Western Europe. Indeed, during the 1980s and 1990s, the party became a model for others through its combination of ‘fervent nationalism, opposition to immigration, and a populist hostility to the political establishment’ (Eatwell, 2000: 408). The Front National shares an emphasis on ethnonationalism with other radical right-wing populist (RRP) parties which is rooted in myths about the distant past and its programme advocates strengthening the nation by making it more ethnically homogeneous and returning to traditional values. Individual rights are generally viewed as secondary to the goals of the nation. Like most populists, the FN accuses the elites of putting internationalism ahead of the nation, and of prioritizing their own narrow self-interests, and various ‘special interests’ over those of the people (Rydgren, 2007). The above elements of ethnonationalism, xenophobia and populism are fundamental, therefore, in explaining why the Front National emerged as an electoral force during the 1980s. This chapter will be structured as follows: first, a short account of the history of the FN and of right-wing extremism and populism more generally in France will be presented. We will then discuss the factors behind the FN’s emergence and electoral success, focusing in particular on ethnonationalism, xenophobia and political discontent. This is followed by an analysis of the ideology and strategies of the Front National. Finally, given that the fortunes of a populist party also depend on the behaviour of other political actors, we will briefly examine the relationship between the established political parties in France − in particular the parties of the mainstream Right − and the Front National. The Front National and the history of right-wing populism in France The recent wave of Right-wing populism in France began in 1983−84 when the Front National first received 16.7 per cent of the vote in the 1983 local 166
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Bibliography Akkerman, T. Anti-immi
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226 Bibliography BNP (2005) Rebuild
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228 Bibliography Dahl, R. A. (1999)
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230 Bibliography Germani, G. (1975)
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232 Bibliography Ivaldi, G. Le Fron
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234 Bibliography Lehingue, P. (2003
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236 Bibliography Mazzoleni, G. (200
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238 Bibliography Pelinka, A. (2005)
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240 Bibliography Schedler, A. Anti-
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242 Bibliography Trechsel, A. H. (2
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