Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European ...

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5 Austria: The Structure and Agency of Austrian Populism Reinhard Heinisch This chapter seeks to provide an analysis of populism in contemporary Austrian politics. Conceptually, it is divided into two segments: the first explores the structural factors which have facilitated the rise of populism; the second is devoted to examining populist agency. While any account of Austrian populism will inevitably focus on the Freedom Party (FPÖ), it needs to be emphasized that this political phenomenon is much broader and continues to evolve. Populism is understood here as a form of political mobilization that makes constant reference to the ‘common/little people’ portrayed in opposition to malevolent elites and dangerous outsiders. The ‘people’ are thus portrayed as a unitary entity in the sense that divisions among them are not genuine conflicts of interest, but are simply caused by the machinations of selfserving factions (Canovan, 2002). Populists make primarily emotional appeals and mobilize voters through simplistic and dichotomist rhetoric, the use of scapegoats, outrageous claims as well as spectacular acts. Populism is also characterized by subordinating ideology to opportunism and political expediency. It is thus marked by contradictory positions as well as dramatic programmatic shifts in order to maximize popular appeal. In Austria, populism has also had a special affinity with the rich event culture typical of a tourist country in which art festivals, sports, folkloric festivities and their coverage in assorted lifestyle media provide an important platform from which to reach voters. The populist agenda is generally eclectic, advocating both anti-statist positions and authoritarian law-and-order ideas. Over time, Austrian populism has evolved from middle-class anti-system protest to the promotion of radical claims based on cultural and ethnic identity. Opportunity structures The rise of populism in Austria in the past two decades is first and foremost associated with a set of systemic features inherent in the Austrian political model, which, by 1980, had entered a crisis of legitimacy. In particular, the 67
68 Twenty-First Century Populism emergence of the FPÖ under Jörg Haider as a rightwing populist (middleclass) protest party was defined by its radical opposition to the characteristics intrinsic to Austrian consociationalism (see Table 5.1 below). Political organization In terms of political organization, the Austrian model was designed to internalize political, economic and social conflict by creating three intersecting institutional frameworks (Lehmbruch, 1967; Katzenstein, 1984): 1. the state institutions and administrative bureaucracy; 2. the institutions of Austro-corporatism, and, as the overarching bracket; 3. the two major political parties, Social Democrats (SPÖ) and the Conservative People’s Party (ÖVP) along with their affiliated networks. A systemic feature known as Proporz allocated shares of political influence proportionally between the major two parties, not only ensuring their control over the country’s political institutions, the bureaucracy, labour market associations and public enterprises, but also extending to all areas of public life. What Gehrhard Lehmbruch (1967) dubbed ‘Proporzdemokratie’ reinforced the hegemony of the two main parties to the almost complete exclusion of all other political actors. The power of the SPÖ and ÖVP rested also on their enormous membership and the elaborate patronage system associated with Proporz. Its various features became the prime target of sustained populist campaigns by the Freedom Party in the 1980s and 1990s. More than any other aspect of Austrian politics, it allowed the FPÖ to define itself as a Table 5.1 The Freedom Party in Austrian parliamentary elections (selection) Year Vote % Seats 1956 6.5 6 1966 5.4 6 1975 5.4 10 1983 5.0 12 1986 9.7 18 1990 16.6 33 1994 22.5 42 1995 22.0 41 1999 26.9 52 2002 10.0 18 2006 11.0 21 Source: Bundesministerium für Inneres.
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Editorial matter, selection, introd
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viii Contents 12 Britain: Imperial
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Acknowledgements The original conce
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xii Notes on Contributors Bollati B
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11 France: The FRONT NATIONAL, Ethn
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13 The Republic of Ireland: The Dog
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Bibliography Akkerman, T. Anti-immi
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226 Bibliography BNP (2005) Rebuild
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228 Bibliography Dahl, R. A. (1999)
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230 Bibliography Germani, G. (1975)
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232 Bibliography Ivaldi, G. Le Fron
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234 Bibliography Lehingue, P. (2003
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236 Bibliography Mazzoleni, G. (200
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238 Bibliography Pelinka, A. (2005)
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240 Bibliography Schedler, A. Anti-
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242 Bibliography Trechsel, A. H. (2
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246 Index Chirac, Jacques 58, 168,
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248 Index Jagers, Jan 58 Jansson, M
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250 Index Plato 200 Poland 62, 120
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