Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European ...

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France 179 produce the first and most basic selection mechanism ... visibility.’ The media also play a role in their own right, by participating in agenda-setting and the framing of political issues. Furthermore, there is a growing tendency to personalize issues within the media, which may benefit populist parties which give the leader a pronounced central role (Eatwell, 2003, 2005). As the battle for readers and viewers has intensified due to new technologies and the growing privatization of the mass media in many countries, there has also been an increasing tendency to focus on the most scandalous aspects of politics which, in turn, may contribute to anti-establishment sentiments (Mudde, 2004). It is thus interesting to note, as Roger Eatwell (2005) has pointed out, that the Front National achieved its electoral breakthrough shortly after Le Pen was allowed access to state television. In conclusion, we can see that the Front National has now been a significant political force in French politics for over two decades. Although many thought the party was on the wane after the split in 1999, Le Pen showed in the 2002 presidential election that there is still a demand for the mixture of ethnonationalism, xenophobia and populism that the FN offers. According to Koopmans et al. (2005: 5), many people have experienced a loss of identity as a result of globalization and, because there ‘is nothing beyond the nation-state that can serve as a new anchor for collective identities and can renew the sense of control’, they turn to nationalism as a way to find such an anchorage. If this is true − and if populism is fostered by the increasing complexity of the political process, the declining political autonomy of the nation-state and the growing opaqueness of political decision-making processes – then it is unlikely that the demand for this political message will disappear in the near future. Similarly, there are few indications that issues related to immigration and citizenship will become less salient in the near future. On the contrary, they are likely to become more important, especially as the French mainstream Right (with Nicolas Sarkozy as a prime example) also seeks to exploit them. The future prospects for the Front National, however, hinge on more than just demand-centred factors. As was noted above, populist movements are charismatic in the sense that they try to base their appeal and legitimacy on emotions rather than on reason. The Front National is no exception and Jean-Marie Le Pen’s personality and appeal fit the description of a ‘charismatic leader’ very well (Eatwell, 2005). Indeed, the Front National satisfies several of the criteria of Angelo Panebianco’s (1988: 145) definition of a ‘charismatic party’: the party leader has an extremely strong influence over appointments to central positions within the organization; he/she is the main interpreter of the party’s political doctrine; the party includes a dominant group united by its loyalty to the leader; internal career paths are closed to those not favoured by the party leader, partly through elite recruitment and partly through the imposition of a high degree of centralization; the party is usually an anti-party party that presents itself as an alternative
180 Twenty-First Century Populism to all others. However, because charismatic parties are highly dependent on singular individuals, they tend to be vulnerable in the long term − and it remains an open question how the Front National will handle life after Jean- Marie Le Pen. As Max Weber (1978) famously noted, the ‘routinization of charisma’ is an extremely difficult process and, in the case of the FN, may therefore lead to severe splits within the party organization.
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Editorial matter, selection, introd
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viii Contents 12 Britain: Imperial
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Acknowledgements The original conce
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xii Notes on Contributors Bollati B
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3 Politics against Democracy: Party
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6 Italy: A Country of Many Populism
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7 Switzerland: Yet Another Populist
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Page 237 and 238: Bibliography Akkerman, T. Anti-immi
Page 239 and 240: 226 Bibliography BNP (2005) Rebuild
Page 241 and 242: 228 Bibliography Dahl, R. A. (1999)
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230 Bibliography Germani, G. (1975)
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232 Bibliography Ivaldi, G. Le Fron
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234 Bibliography Lehingue, P. (2003
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236 Bibliography Mazzoleni, G. (200
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238 Bibliography Pelinka, A. (2005)
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240 Bibliography Schedler, A. Anti-
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242 Bibliography Trechsel, A. H. (2
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246 Index Chirac, Jacques 58, 168,
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248 Index Jagers, Jan 58 Jansson, M
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250 Index Plato 200 Poland 62, 120
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