Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European ...

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Conclusion 223 in Western democracies that may generate new forms of structural opposition is the new democratic Leviathan itself’ and noted that even ‘in highconsensus European systems’, many young people, intellectuals and academics found it ‘too remote and bureaucratized, too addicted to bargaining and compromise, too much an instrument of political elites and technicians with whom they feel slight identification’. If that then translated into support for the Left movements of the late 1960s, in the ensuing decades, popular discontent with the democratic Leviathan has been channelled into support for populist movements of both the Right and Left. As we have seen in this volume, this phenomenon has reached new heights in the latter years of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first. In terms of the prospects for research, the events of the last fifteen years offer us a number of new and interesting opportunities in the study of populism. For example, for the first time, at different levels of government and in different Western European states, we have gained important empirical information about how populists behave both when in power and when in coalition with conventional parties. As noted in the introduction, the experiences of the FPÖ in Austria, the LPF in Holland and the Lega Nord in Italy have provided some answers to the question of how populists fare when in government. Similarly, in the case of the FPÖ, and soon in that of the Front National, we can test the conditions under which charismatic populist leadership can be successfully passed on or seized. There are also numerous contexts where we are now seeing what the long-term effects of the cordon sanitaire on populist parties might be. Moreover, we are witnessing a wide range of mainstream political leaders borrowing from the populist repertoire and the impact this is having both on parties and public perceptions of politics. It remains to be seen what the effects of ‘the populist Zeitgeist’ will be on Western European democracy, however the evidence of this book is that in the twenty-first century, there exist better conditions for the emergence and success of populism than ever before.
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Page 239 and 240: 226 Bibliography BNP (2005) Rebuild
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