Between Two Worlds Kafadar.pdf

elated to assumptions about a far-reaching, often underground, network of
various "heterodox" associations in the medieval Middle East: guilds, futuwwa,
batini * esotericists. The most elaborate depiction of that alleged network and
tight organization can be found in the works of Louis Massignon, and it is dear
in his case that the historian's imagination was partly shaped by the reality
and phobia of international communism. See, for instance, his "La futuwwa ou la
pacte d'honneur artisanale chez les travailleurs musulmanes," La Nouvelle Clio,
1952. The works of Taeschner, whose identification of futuwwa as "Islamisches
Ordensrittertum" was highly influential on Wittek and many others; see C. Cahen,
"Futuwwa," EI , new ed., s.v.
93. See, for instance, the documents published by A. Refik [Altinay], "Osmanli
Devrinde Rafizîlik ve Bektasilik * ," Darülfünun Edebiyat Fakültesi Mecmuasi
8/2(April 1932):21-59. Further relevant literature is cited in A. Y. Ocak,
Osmanli Imparatorlugunda * Marjinal Sûfîlik: Kalenderîler (XIV-XVII. ¡ üzyillar)
(Ankara, 1992), 189-92; also see S. Faroqhi, "Seyyid Gazi Revisited: The
Foundation as Seen through the Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Documents;
Turcica 13(1981):90-122.
94. "Al yesil * giyinmis * gercek * gazili / Ali nesli güzel imam geliyor."
(Accompanied by the real gazis dressed in red and green / the beautiful imam
from the line of `Ali * is coming). C. Öztelli, ed., Bektasi * Gülleri
(Istanbul, 1985), 202. This and various other poems in this collection (and in
others) that sing the praises of gazis like Seyyid Battal * > Gazi (p. 263) or
of `Ali's * "gaza" should also remind us that gaza is not a specifically Ottoman
or a necessarily Sunni ideology. The Safavids, too, fought as gazis, especially
in the earlier stages of their enterprise. The poems of Shah Isma`il * (alias
Hata'i * ) frequently invoke the three social forces that also appear in the
sources of late-Seljuk and post-Seljuk Anatolia: the ahi * , the abdal * , the
gazi. See Il Canzoniere di Sah * Isma`il * Hata'i * , ed. Tourkhan Gandjei
(Naples, 1959), passim. In the case of Anatolia, Apz added a fourth and even
more enigmatic category: the bacis (sisters).
95. Ein Mesnevi Gülschehris auf Achi Evran, ed. F. Taeschner (Hamburg, 1930).
The 1360 recasting of the Danismendname * by `Arif * `Ali * must also be
mentioned here as a fourteenth-century frontier narrative, even though it deals
with a relatively remote period. As for the hagiographies of several
thirteenth-and fourteenth-century figures, such as those of Haci * Bektas * ,
Sari * Saltuk * , and Seyyid Harun * , it must be noted that those were recorded
much later.
96. One was completed just before the end of the century, in 1398. It was
written for Kadi * Burhaneddin * , a medrese-educated scholar-statesman who
ruled in Sivas as a representative of the Ilkhanid-Seljuk tradition and not as a
frontier warrior. This Persian chronicle is quite polished and informative on
political events in fourteenth-century Anatolia but is dearly not a frontier
narrative of conquest and proselytization. See Bazm u razm, ed. E M. Köprülü
(Istanbul, 1928). Its author, `Abdul`aziz * , had been brought from the court of
Baghdad. Another Persian chronicle, a (600-couplet) Shahnama * of the House of
Karaman as a sequel to Dehhani's * Shahnama * of the Seljuks (of Rum * ?), was
allegedly written by Yarcani * for Karamanoglu * `Ala'eddin * Beg, who held
power in the latter part of the same century. Neither of these two Shahnamas *
is extant; instead we have a Turkish chronicle written by Sikari * in the
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