Between Two Worlds Kafadar.pdf

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― xiv ― ing the destinies of southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe from the fourteenth to the twentieth century. Transliteration is the perennial problem of historical scholarship in different branches of Islamic studies. Materials in pre-modern Turkish rendered in the Arabic script, as in almost all the sources used in this study, are particularly difficult to standardize, and any transliteration system is bound to be esthetically displeasing. But the shortcut of using modem spelling throughout feels anachronistic and thus even more displeasing to this author. Still, I have decided to give place names (e.g., Konya) as well as the names of principalities (e.g., Karaman) and states (e.g., Abbasid) in their modern forms since that might make it easier to look them up in geographical and historical atlases or reference works. Words that appear in English dictionaries (such as sultan, kadi) are not transliterated unless they appear as part of an individual's name. Otherwise, all individual names and technical vocabulary are transliterated according to a slightly modified version of the system used in the Encyclopedia of Islam. The transliteration of Arabic compound names is simplified when used in reference to the Turkish-speaking Anatolian/Balkan world: hence, Burhaneddin instead of Burhan al-Din . Like many other books, this one took shape as a long adventure for its author. Along the way, I was fortunate to receive comments, guidance, encouragement, or admonition from a number of friends and colleagues, among whom it is a pleasure to mention Peter Brown, George Dedes, Suraiya Faroqhi, Jane Hathaway, Halil Inalcik , Ahmet Karamustafa, Ahmet Kuyas , Joshua Landis, Roy Mottahedeh, Gülru Necipoglu , Nevra Necipoglu , Irvin Schick, Rusen Sezer, Sinasi Tekin, Isenbike Togan, and Elizabeth Zachariadou. I am particularly grateful to Cornell Fleischer, whose thorough reading of and thoughtful commentary on the manuscript were of immense help in giving the book its final shape. They are probably unaware how much they contributed to the development of this book through not only intentional interventions but also casual remarks or general observations that I appropriated, and possibly twisted, to my own ends. Plunder, as I hope the readers of this book will come to agree, can coexist in harmony with the assumption, or presumption, of serving some good cause in the end. The critical tone of my historiographic evaluations should not obliterate the profound indebtedness I feel toward all those scholars whose ― xv ― works on the rise of the Ottoman state are surveyed here. Their findings and ideas, even when I disagreed with them, opened many pleasant vistas and doors for me. I also appreciate having had the chance to try out some earlier and partial versions of my arguments on audiences whose responses enabled me to focus on formulations that needed to be refined and paths that needed to be abandoned. Such opportunities were provided at the Brown Bag Lunch series of Princeton 4
University's Near Eastern Studies Department, at Washington University in Saint Louis, at the Istanbul center of the American Research Institute in Turkey, and at the Murat Sarica Library workshop series in Istanbul. ― xvii ― Chronology 1071 The Battle of Mantzikert: Seljuks defeat Byzantine army; the first great wave of Turkish migrations into Asia Minor. 1176 The Battle of Myriokephalon: Seljuks of Rum defeat Byzantine army. 1177 Danismendids subdued by the Seljuks of Rum . 1204 The Fourth Crusade: Latins occupy Constantinople; Lascarids start to rule in Nicaea; Comneni start to rule in Trebizond. 1220-37 The reign of 'Ala ' uddin Keykubad , peak of Seljuk control in Asia Minor. 1221 Shihab ad-din Ùmar al-Suhrawardi brings insignia of futuwwa, sent by the caliph, from Baghdad to Konya. 1220s-30s Migrations from central Asia and Iran to Asia Minor due to Chingisid conquests; the ancestors of Òsman arrive in Anatolia according to some Ottoman sources. 1239-41 The Baba'i Revolt of the Türkmen, led by Baba Ilyas and followers, crushed by the Konya government. 1243 The Battle of Kosedag : Mongol armies defeat Seljuks of Rum and render them into vassals. 1261 Byzantine capital moves from Nicaea back to Constantinople. 1276-77 Baybars leads Marnluk forces into Asia Minor. 1277 Mongols (Ilkhanids) take direct control of Asia Minor. 1298 The revolt of Sülemish against Mongol administration in Anatolia; seems to have allowed frontier lords to undertake independent action. 1298-1301 Likely dates of earliest conquests (Bilecik, Yarhisar, etc.) by Òsman . ― xviii ― 1301 The Battle of Bapheus; Òsman defeats a Byzantine contingent. 5
Page 1 and 2: Between Two Worlds Preferred Citati
Page 3: like "origins," "genealogy," and "s
Page 7 and 8: Orhan dies, and Murad I succeeds hi
Page 9 and 10: tradition has been noted before and
Page 11 and 12: sought the alliance of the Byzantin
Page 13 and 14: of Political turbulences. The early
Page 15 and 16: he went and told the story to the s
Page 17 and 18: cohesion and drive, the realm they
Page 19 and 20: different political tendencies trie
Page 21 and 22: to strike coins, issue endowment de
Page 23 and 24: 1413-21) and Murad II (r. 1421-44,
Page 25 and 26: ― 21 ― Muslims and reverted to
Page 27 and 28: post-Ottoman nation-states of the B
Page 29 and 30: institutions or did they create the
Page 31 and 32: carved by the very same people who
Page 33 and 34: ― 31 ― son thought so highly of
Page 35 and 36: One of his radically novel assertio
Page 37 and 38: Underlining the growth of trade and
Page 39 and 40: gazis, warriors of the faith, who s
Page 41 and 42: time. Furthermore, we should note t
Page 43 and 44: however, believes that the Iskender
Page 45 and 46: Zoroastrian.[37] In addition to thi
Page 47 and 48: It is time now to go over the gaza
Page 49 and 50: values" could be anything more than
Page 51 and 52: least recognized an intermediate ca
Page 53 and 54: ― 55 ― My point here is not to
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the bourgeoisie simply by studying
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existence.[2] The only pieces of wr
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popularity, such as the Àntarname
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century. We must also note, however
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― 68 ― turn. Grabbing her lance
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emperor Kantakouzenos (1341-55) and
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attitudes or gestures. Not that suc
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Ottoman central authorities in the
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Àrif Çelebi, the Mevlevi , releas
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― 80 ― strategy?[57] In a world
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origins might well serve as a metap
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construct of a settled civilization
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― 87 ― chronicles relate that a
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warriors, tribes, and holy men can
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claim to the glorious deeds of the
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dominant Ottoman state in the latte
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elatively more "establishment" view
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should a fortiori reflect an earlie
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surviving contender to the throne i
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Ottoman historical writing of the f
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not, it is not surprising that the
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therefore not only were uninhibited
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states. ― 111 ― Two aspects of
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esentment of the gazi circles that
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major story in Ottoman chronicles,
Page 105 and 106:
Èek deveyi güt koyunu Bir gün ol
Page 107 and 108:
difference from the other principal
Page 109 and 110:
the chronicles attribute gaza raids
Page 111 and 112:
Byzantines and the Mongols, and eve
Page 113 and 114:
or had been, associated with the Ch
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was getting ready for what promised
Page 117 and 118:
also be seen to embody a compact of
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emirates of the region in the 1330s
Page 121 and 122:
successive cases of unigeniture as
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― 140 ― present earlier than de
Page 125 and 126:
Osman. Their resentment goes at lea
Page 127 and 128:
levels must have changed over time
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who was no less than a descendant o
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whose establishment spelled the end
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enterprises and of the Ottoman poli
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ABI. H. Uzuncarsili . Anadolu Beyli
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Faruk Sümer, ¡ abanlu Pazari: Sel
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eve of the Mantzikert victory, bene
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ed. Gary Leiser (Albany, 1992). 19.
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40. Akdag * , Týrkiye'nin Iktisadi
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66. On human sacrifice, see Vryonis
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64-65. Note that the horse is of ev
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Hellenism, 372; on Elvan * Çelebi
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control. While they may have evolve
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85. Ibn Àrabshah * , Tamerlane, 17
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eginning of the sixteenth century w
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Greek Population of Istanbul and th
Page 159 and 160:
Imparatorlugunda * Bir Iskan * ve K
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Constantinople relates that he was
Page 163 and 164:
the majority of the Karakeçili wer
Page 165 and 166:
though Giese's theory is farfetched
Page 167 and 168:
49. See the excellent study of E. Z
Page 169 and 170:
Devri'ndeki Sehzadeler Mücadelesin
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Manâkib-i Hünkâr Bektas-iVeli (I
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———. Baciyan-i Rum (Anadolu S
Page 175 and 176:
Erzi, Adnan. "Osmanli Devletinin Ku
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———. The Ottoman Empire, 1300
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Andronicus II, 1282-1328. Cambridge
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Ann Arbor, 1977. Runciman, Steven.
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26(1951):483-88. Woods, John. The A
Page 185 and 186:
Angiolello, Giovanni Maria, 191 n66
Page 187 and 188:
Bazin, Louis, 186 n13 Bedreddin 143
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conversions to Islam, 10 -11, 19 -4
Page 191 and 192:
Safavids and, 141 ; and schoolmen,
Page 193 and 194:
culture, 61 , 62 , 64 , 84 , 89 , 1
Page 195 and 196:
and chronicles, 13 , 33 , 44 , 98 ;
Page 197 and 198:
identities, 190 -91; explanatory va
Page 199 and 200:
Laiou, Angeliki E., 188 n38 Lamprec
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Mugiseddin 77 Muhammad 63 , 94 , 11
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― 218 ― Orhan (continued) (1324
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Paphlagonia, 35 , 130 , 134 Pazarlu
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and dream legend, 133 ; and gaza54
Page 209 and 210:
Toktagu Khan 45 trade, 126 ; routes
Page 211:
gaza85 -88, 111 -12; Ottoman ventur
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