convergence

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Acknowledgments We would also like to acknowledge Dr. Hans Binnendijk and Ambassador John Herbst for empowering us to succeed in this and all our related endeavors. Of course, we reserve special thanks for our authors: for their time, support, advice, and also their patience. xii
Introduction Michael Miklaucic and Jacqueline Brewer In the last 20 years, globalization has outpaced the growth of mechanisms for global governance. This has resulted in a lack of regulation—whether it be on the Internet, in banking systems, or free trade zones. The same conditions that have led to unprecedented openness in trade, travel, and communication have created massive opportunities for criminals. As a result, organized crime has diversified, gone global, and reached macro-economic proportions. —Walter Kemp, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Organized Crime: A Growing Threat to Security In some situations these new networks could act as forces for good by pressuring governments through non-violent means to address injustice, poverty, the impacts of climate change, and other social issues. Other groups, however, could use networks and global communications to recruit and train new members, proliferate radical ideologies, manage their finances, manipulate public opinion, and coordinate attacks. —National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025 A cceleration. Magnification. Diffusion. Entropy. Empowerment. The global environment and the international system are evolving at hypervelocity. A consensus is emerging among policymakers, scholars, and practitioners that recent sweeping developments in information technology, communication, transportation, demographics, and conflict are making global governance more challenging. Some argue these developments have transformed our international system, making it more vulnerable than ever to the predations of terrorists and criminals. Others argue that despite this significant evolution, organized crime, transnational terrorism, and nonstate networks have been endemic if unpleasant features of human society throughout history, that they represent nothing new, and that our traditional means of countering them—primarily conventional law enforcement—are adequate. Even among those who perceive substantial differences in the contemporary manifestations of these persistent maladies, they are viewed as major nuisances not adding up to a significant national or international security threat, much less an existential threat. xiii
Page 5 and 6: Edited by Michael Miklaucic and Jac
Page 7 and 8: Contents Foreword vii James G. Stav
Page 9 and 10: Foreword Admiral James G. Stavridis
Page 11 and 12: Foreword find themselves in. The Re
Page 13: Acknowledgments E very published bo
Page 17 and 18: Introduction networks will operate
Page 19 and 20: Introduction and distribution opera
Page 21 and 22: Introduction bureaucracies remain h
Page 23: Introduction Just looking at Mexico
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 Deviant Globalization Nil
Page 29 and 30: Deviant Globalization lots of choic
Page 31 and 32: Deviant Globalization of (at least
Page 33 and 34: Deviant Globalization tale. Today
Page 35 and 36: Deviant Globalization What Is to Be
Page 37: Deviant Globalization 3 Philip Capu
Page 40 and 41: Williams Some commentators wholehea
Page 42 and 43: Williams In this connection, not on
Page 44 and 45: Williams 20 With a single ship able
Page 46 and 47: Williams rates. . . . In 2050, appr
Page 48 and 49: Williams of no-go zone and slums an
Page 50 and 51: Williams Water would also be at ris
Page 52 and 53: Williams is simply the prize of pol
Page 54 and 55: Williams era of state budgetary ret
Page 56 and 57: Williams The corollary is that alth
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Page 62 and 63: Picard information on black markets
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Picard harms. The economic value of
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Picard not particularly relevant as
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Picard The Government Accountabilit
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Picard The study was based on a var
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Picard In considering whether the d
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Picard 50 Table 3. Comparison of Pr
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Picard Connecting Illicit Market Si
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Picard have died because they have
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Picard 56 10 percent = $14.95 billi
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Picard prohibited, taxed, or regula
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Picard 32 “The Illegal Shipment o
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Chapter 4 The Illicit Supply Chain
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The Illicit Supply Chain business (
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The Illicit Supply Chain For cash c
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The Illicit Supply Chain routes (bo
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The Illicit Supply Chain increase i
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The Illicit Supply Chain 6 In 2010,
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Chapter 5 Fixers, Super Fixers, and
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Fixers, Super Fixers, and Shadow Fa
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Keefe If, as Phil Williams contends
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Keefe For those seeking to study or
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Keefe Partial State Degradation Fro
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Keefe A more recent study hypothesi
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Keefe An Informal Economy Of course
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Keefe Notes 1 William Langewiesche,
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Chapter 7 Threat Finance: A Critica
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Threat Finance ultimately threatens
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Threat Finance donations that were
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Figure 1. A Simple Hawala Transacti
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Threat Finance benefits offered by
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Threat Finance Since the start of t
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Threat Finance played a key role in
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Threat Finance international standa
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Threat Finance Directive 5205.14 ch
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Threat Finance 18 Per 2009 statisti
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Chapter 8 Money Laundering into Rea
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Money Laundering into Real Estate p
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Money Laundering into Real Estate a
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Money Laundering into Real Estate Y
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Money Laundering into Real Estate f
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Money Laundering into Real Estate c
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Money Laundering into Real Estate S
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Money Laundering into Real Estate 3
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Part III. The Attack on Sovereignty
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Miklaucic and Naím linkages to ext
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Miklaucic and Naím magnitude of il
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Miklaucic and Naím are groups and
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Miklaucic and Naím 156 or as defin
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Miklaucic and Naím While disturbin
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Miklaucic and Naím now exceeds US$
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Miklaucic and Naím However, under
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Miklaucic and Naím that would bene
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Miklaucic and Naím An Existential
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Miklaucic and Naím 15 Transparency
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Chapter 10 How Illicit Networks Imp
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How Illicit Networks Impact Soverei
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• usurping state fiscal roles (st
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Felbab-Brown the 2010 U.S. military
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Felbab-Brown poorest farmers, who a
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Felbab-Brown the strategic distinct
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Felbab-Brown system. Intolerable to
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Felbab-Brown Poppy cultivation did
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Felbab-Brown Should a civil war be
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Felbab-Brown Moreover, the positive
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Felbab-Brown During conflict situat
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Felbab-Brown 2 Adam Pain, “Opium
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Felbab-Brown 39 For details, see Fe
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Part IV. Fighting Back
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Luna domestic product. The wide ava
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Luna renewed multilateral diplomacy
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Luna organizations or facilitators
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Luna build on regional and interreg
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Luna subregional, and bilateral lev
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Luna 224 • drain the illicit econ
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Luna to combat the assets of the cr
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Luna The following represent exampl
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Luna rests in private hands. Privat
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Luna Author’s Note In honor and m
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Wechsler and Barnabo The drug-traff
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Wechsler and Barnabo threat to nati
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Wechsler and Barnabo the state. Col
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Wechsler and Barnabo enemies in Afg
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Wechsler and Barnabo Notes 1 Statem
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Realuyo 244 • Promote collaborati
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Realuyo a result of globalization,
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Realuyo 248 • reduce the demand f
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Realuyo 250 • Organized crime and
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Realuyo around the world, and their
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Realuyo For more than 10 years, the
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Realuyo power and corruption by the
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Realuyo handled 141 investigative l
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Realuyo is in support of those law
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Realuyo 262 • Know your partners.
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Realuyo Table 1. Critical Elements
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Realuyo 18 Ibid. 19 UNODC, “UNODC
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About the Contributors Michael Mikl
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About the Contributors Nils Gilman
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About the Contributors feiting, art
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About the Contributors campaign pla
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convergence

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