convergence

Table 2 shows examples of the three types of profit-driven crimes.
Table 2. Examples of Profit-driven Crimes by Type
Type of Profit-driven Crime Examples
Global Scale and Impact of Illicit Trade
Predatory crime Cargo theft, maritime piracy, cyber theft or scams
Market-based crime
Commercial crime
Illegal drugs, counterfeiting, human trafficking, excise goods,
illegal trade in wildlife
Avoiding taxes on legal goods, commercial tax evasion, using
illegal methods to reduce costs or obtain contracts, violation
of regulation on environmental, labor or safety standards,
criminal negligence
The advantage of Naylor’s classification of profit-driven crimes is that it can accommodate
different views of the problem:
• concerned exclusively with market-based crimes where an illegal form of supply
meets an illegal form of demand in order to avoid prohibitions, regulations, or
taxations.
• covers predatory and market-based crimes as long as they have a transnational
component.
• the standard definition of makes it essentially equivalent to illegal markets. A broader
definition, such as the one given in the introduction, includes economic crime as well:
in this case, a legitimate demand is met by illegitimate forms of supply, involving
seemingly legitimate actors who in fact behave illegally. Depending on the understanding
of “trade,” it may be limited to illicit flows of goods, or it may include people
and services as well (for example, gambling), or it may include illicit financial flows.
• while we have not found an explicit definition, it apparently covers any type of
profit-driven crime as long as the opportunity for the crime can be connected to
the flows of globalization, defined as the cross-border integration of economic
activity. 38 Harmful economic activities are also covered if they would be considered
illegal according to Western norms. As there is a fair level of subjectivity in deciding
whether an illegal economic activity is related to globalization or not, and even
more so in deciding whether a legal economic activity violates Western norms, we
will consider for the sake of definition and measurement that deviant globalization
covers all profit-driven crimes as long as they are transnational. We note that deviant
globalization and the broader definition of illicit trade are quite similar overall.
Table 3 summarizes the different names given to the problem, the underlying view of the
problem in a nutshell, the types of offenses, and whether certain conditions apply.
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