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Miklaucic and Naím 15 Transparency International, “Corruption Perceptions Index 2011,” available at . 16 James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime (Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, June 2001). 17 Statement of William Browder, chief executive officer of Hermitage Capital Management, BBC News, November 23, 2009. 18 Finckenauer and Voronin. 19 “Corruption Perceptions Index 2011.” 20 Ibid.; see also, Mark Galeotti, “The Criminalization of Russian State Security,” in Criminal States and Criminal Soldiers, ed. Robert J. Bunker (London: Routledge, 2008). 21 Rachel Locke. 22 Bruce Gilley, “The Meaning and Measure of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries,” European Journal of Political Research 45 (2006), 499–525. 23 th The World Bank, “Kenya Economic Update,” 6 ed., June 2012. 24 “Failed States Index 2012.” 25 Peter Gastrow, Termites at Work: A Report on Transnational Organized Crime and State Erosion in Kenya (New York: International Peace Institute, 2011). 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid. 30 Bayart, Ellis, and Hibou. 31 Gastrow. 32 Ibid. 33 Joel Hellman and Daniel Kaufmann, “Confronting the Challenge of State Capture in Transition Economies,” Finance and Development 38, no. 3 (International Monetary Fund, September 2001). 34 Ibid. 35 David Kupferschmidt, Illicit Political Finance and State Capture (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, August 21, 2009). 36 Douglas Farah, Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, July 2012), available at . 37 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), “2011 Human Development Index,” Human Development Report 2011: Sustainability and Equity, A Better Future for All (New York: UNDP, November 2, 2011). 38 BBC News, April 9, 2010, available at . 39 “Corruption Perceptions Index 2011.” 40 UNODC, Cocaine Trafficking in Western Africa (New York: UNODC, October 2007). 41 Dennis F. Thompson, Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1995). 42 Anna Grzymala-Busse, “Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation,” Comparative Political Studies 41, nos. 4–5 (April/May 2008), 638–673. 43 Douglas Farah, A Volatile Mix: Non-State Actors and Criminal States (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, October 2004). 44 Tom Saah Kamara, “Liberia: The Emergence of a Criminal State,” ThePerspective.org, July 2000, available at . 45 Farah, A Volatile Mix. 46 Liana Sun Wyler and Dick K. Nanto, North Korean Crime-for-Profit Activities, RL33885 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, August 25, 2008), available at . 47 Ludington Daily News, November 10, 1976. 48 Raphael Perl, “State Crime: The North Korean Drug Trade,” Global Crime 6, no. 1 (February 2004). 49 David L. Asher, “The North Korean Criminal State, Its Ties to Organized Crime, and the Possibility of WMD Proliferation,” Policy Forum Online 05-92A (Berkeley: Nautilus Institute, November 15, 2005). 168
The Criminal State 50 Paul Rexton Kan, Bruce E. Bechtol, Jr., and Robert M. Collins, Criminal Sovereignty: Understanding North Korea’s Illicit International Activities (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, March 2010). 51 Mark Galeotti, “Criminalization of the DPRK,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 13 (March 2001), 10–11. 52 Kan, Bechtol, Jr., and Collins. 53 Ibid. 54 Ibid. 169
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Edited by Michael Miklaucic and Jac
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Contents Foreword vii James G. Stav
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Foreword Admiral James G. Stavridis
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Foreword find themselves in. The Re
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Acknowledgments E very published bo
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Introduction Michael Miklaucic and
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Introduction networks will operate
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Introduction and distribution opera
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Introduction bureaucracies remain h
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Introduction Just looking at Mexico
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Chapter 1 Deviant Globalization Nil
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Deviant Globalization lots of choic
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Deviant Globalization of (at least
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Deviant Globalization tale. Today
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Deviant Globalization What Is to Be
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Deviant Globalization 3 Philip Capu
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Williams Some commentators wholehea
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Williams In this connection, not on
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Williams 20 With a single ship able
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Williams rates. . . . In 2050, appr
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Williams of no-go zone and slums an
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Williams Water would also be at ris
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Williams is simply the prize of pol
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Williams era of state budgetary ret
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Williams The corollary is that alth
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Williams would not be prudent to re
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Williams 56 “Global Water Securit
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Picard information on black markets
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Picard harms. The economic value of
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Picard not particularly relevant as
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Picard The Government Accountabilit
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Picard The study was based on a var
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Picard In considering whether the d
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Picard 50 Table 3. Comparison of Pr
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Picard Connecting Illicit Market Si
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Picard have died because they have
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Picard 56 10 percent = $14.95 billi
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Picard prohibited, taxed, or regula
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Picard 32 “The Illegal Shipment o
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Chapter 4 The Illicit Supply Chain
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The Illicit Supply Chain business (
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The Illicit Supply Chain For cash c
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The Illicit Supply Chain routes (bo
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The Illicit Supply Chain increase i
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The Illicit Supply Chain 6 In 2010,
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Chapter 5 Fixers, Super Fixers, and
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Fixers, Super Fixers, and Shadow Fa
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Keefe If, as Phil Williams contends
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Keefe For those seeking to study or
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Keefe Partial State Degradation Fro
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Keefe A more recent study hypothesi
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Keefe An Informal Economy Of course
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Keefe Notes 1 William Langewiesche,
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Chapter 7 Threat Finance: A Critica
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Threat Finance ultimately threatens
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Threat Finance donations that were
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. A Simple Hawala Transacti
Page 143 and 144: Threat Finance benefits offered by
Page 145 and 146: Threat Finance Since the start of t
Page 147 and 148: Threat Finance played a key role in
Page 149 and 150: Threat Finance international standa
Page 151 and 152: Threat Finance Directive 5205.14 ch
Page 153 and 154: Threat Finance 18 Per 2009 statisti
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 8 Money Laundering into Rea
Page 157 and 158: Money Laundering into Real Estate p
Page 159 and 160: Money Laundering into Real Estate a
Page 161 and 162: Money Laundering into Real Estate Y
Page 163 and 164: Money Laundering into Real Estate f
Page 165 and 166: Money Laundering into Real Estate c
Page 167 and 168: Money Laundering into Real Estate S
Page 169 and 170: Money Laundering into Real Estate 3
Page 171: Part III. The Attack on Sovereignty
Page 174 and 175: Miklaucic and Naím linkages to ext
Page 176 and 177: Miklaucic and Naím magnitude of il
Page 178 and 179: Miklaucic and Naím are groups and
Page 180 and 181: Miklaucic and Naím 156 or as defin
Page 182 and 183: Miklaucic and Naím While disturbin
Page 184 and 185: Miklaucic and Naím now exceeds US$
Page 186 and 187: Miklaucic and Naím However, under
Page 188 and 189: Miklaucic and Naím that would bene
Page 190 and 191: Miklaucic and Naím An Existential
Page 195 and 196: Chapter 10 How Illicit Networks Imp
Page 197 and 198: How Illicit Networks Impact Soverei
Page 201 and 202: • usurping state fiscal roles (st
Page 211: How Illicit Networks Impact Soverei
Page 214 and 215: Felbab-Brown the 2010 U.S. military
Page 216 and 217: Felbab-Brown poorest farmers, who a
Page 218 and 219: Felbab-Brown the strategic distinct
Page 220 and 221: Felbab-Brown system. Intolerable to
Page 222 and 223: Felbab-Brown Poppy cultivation did
Page 224 and 225: Felbab-Brown Should a civil war be
Page 226 and 227: Felbab-Brown Moreover, the positive
Page 228 and 229: Felbab-Brown During conflict situat
Page 230 and 231: Felbab-Brown 2 Adam Pain, “Opium
Page 232 and 233: Felbab-Brown 39 For details, see Fe
Page 235: Part IV. Fighting Back
Page 238 and 239: Luna domestic product. The wide ava
Page 240 and 241: Luna renewed multilateral diplomacy
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Luna organizations or facilitators
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Luna build on regional and interreg
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Luna subregional, and bilateral lev
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Luna 224 • drain the illicit econ
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Luna to combat the assets of the cr
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Luna The following represent exampl
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Luna rests in private hands. Privat
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Luna Author’s Note In honor and m
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Wechsler and Barnabo The drug-traff
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Wechsler and Barnabo threat to nati
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Wechsler and Barnabo the state. Col
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Wechsler and Barnabo enemies in Afg
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Wechsler and Barnabo Notes 1 Statem
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Realuyo 244 • Promote collaborati
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Realuyo a result of globalization,
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Realuyo 248 • reduce the demand f
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Realuyo 250 • Organized crime and
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Realuyo around the world, and their
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Realuyo For more than 10 years, the
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Realuyo power and corruption by the
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Realuyo handled 141 investigative l
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Realuyo is in support of those law
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Realuyo 262 • Know your partners.
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Realuyo Table 1. Critical Elements
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Realuyo 18 Ibid. 19 UNODC, “UNODC
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About the Contributors Michael Mikl
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About the Contributors Nils Gilman
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About the Contributors feiting, art
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About the Contributors campaign pla
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