convergence

Global Scale and Impact of Illicit Trade
3 Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime: Addressing Converging Threats to National Security
(Washington, DC: The White House, July 2011), available at .
4 “Havocscope Black Market Ranking,” and “Havocscope Black Market Country Ranking,” Havocscope Global
Black Market Information, October 16, 2011, available at .
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Peter Andreas and Kelly M. Greenhill, eds., Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts: The Politics of Numbers in Global
Crime and Conflict (New York: Cornell University Press, 2010).
8 Peter Andreas, “Illicit Globalization: Myths, Misconceptions, and Historical Lessons,” available at .
9 Ibid., 4.
10 R.T. Naylor, Wages of Crime Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy (New York: Cornell
University Press, 2005), 4.
11 Ibid., 5.
12 Raymond Baker and Eva Joly, “Illicit Money: Can It Be Stopped?” in Deviant Globalization: Black Market Economy
in the 21st Century, ed. Nils Gilman, Jesse Goldhammer, and Steven Weber, 233 (New York: The Continuum
International Publishing Group, 2011).
13 Asif Efrat, Governing Guns, Preventing Plunder: International Cooperation Against Illicit Trade (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2012).
14 World Economic Forum, “Global Agenda Council on Illicit Trade 2012,” available at .
15 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), “World Drug Report 2011,” available at .
16 UNODC, “World Drug Report 2005,” available at .
17 Francisco Thoumi, “The numbers game: let’s all guess the size of the illegal drug industry,” The Journal of Drug
Series (2005), available at .
18 Ibid.
19 “Estimating the size of the global drug market: A demand-side approach,” RAND Technical Report TR711,
available at .
20 Ibid., 9.
21 Ibid., 21.
22 UNODC, “World Drug Report 2006,” available at .
23 P. Reuter, “The Mismeasurement of Illegal Drug Markets,” Exploring the Underground Economy (Kalamazoo,
MI: Upjohn Institute, 1996), 63–80.
24 Ibid., 195.
25 Business Software Alliance, “Global Piracy Study,” available at .
26 Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance U.S. Antitrafficking Efforts Abroad,
U.S. GAO Report GAO-06-82, available at .
27 “ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labor in the World,” International Labor Organization 2005, available
at .
28 “A Global Alliance Against Forced Labor,” International Labor Organization 2005, available at .
29 American Forest & Paper Association, “Illegal Logging and Global Wood Markets: The Competitive Impacts
on the U.S. Wood Products Industry,” available at .
30 “Sustaining Forests: A Development Strategy,” World Bank 2004, available at .
31 D. Agnew et al., “Estimating the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing,” PLOS ONE, available at .
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