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Contents vi Chapter 8 131 Money Laundering into Real Estate Louise Shelley Part III. The Attack on Sovereignty Chapter 9 149 The Criminal State Michael Miklaucic and Moisés Naím Chapter 10 171 How Illicit Networks Impact Sovereignty John P. Sullivan Chapter 11 189 Counterinsurgency, Counternarcotics, and Illicit Economies in Afghanistan: Lessons for State-Building Vanda Felbab-Brown Part IV. Fighting Back Chapter 12 213 Fighting Networks with Networks David M. Luna Chapter 13 233 The Department of Defense’s Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime William F. Wechsler and Gary Barnabo Chapter 14 243 Collaborating to Combat Illicit Networks Through Interagency and International Efforts Celina B. Realuyo About the Contributors 269
Foreword Admiral James G. Stavridis, USN I llicit networks affect everyone in our modern, globalized world. From human trafficking in Eastern Europe to drug smuggling in East Asia, to the illicit arms trade in Africa, to terrorist cells in East Asia and insurgents in the Caucasus, transnational illicit networks have tentacles that reach everywhere. The trade in illegal narcotics is perhaps most worrisome, but of growing concern is the illicit trafficking of counterfeit items, weapons, natural resources, money, cultural property, and even people by shrewd, well-resourced, and nefarious adversaries. I have experience combating these threats personally at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. As a young naval officer on a variety of ships, I spent a fair amount of time patrolling the global commons where transnational criminals in the guise of pirates and drug smugglers proliferate. I was in the Pentagon on 9/11 and personally experienced the global reach of modern terrorism. Later on, when I commanded U.S. Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), one of my subordinate commands was Joint Interagency Task Force–South in Key West, Florida, a multinational and interagency/interministerial command that counters drug trafficking in the Western Hemisphere. I also experienced the pernicious effects that transnational crime has on our friends as it ranges throughout the entire Western Hemisphere. After leaving USSOUTHCOM to become commander at U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), I saw that Europe was also challenged by the same types of transnational crime. In response, I stood up the Joint/Interagency Counter Trafficking Center in Stuttgart, Germany, designed to counter transnational criminal networks in cooperation with our international partners. When I took command of USEUCOM, I also became the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR). As SACEUR, I command Operation Active Endeavor, which counters trafficking in the Mediterranean, and Operation Ocean Shield, which is part of the international counterpiracy efforts off the Somali coast. In addition, we have pioneered responses to cyber threats. At the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, we have the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Computer Incident Response Center, and at USEUCOM, we are taking steps to create a subunified cyber command that will have links to both U.S. Cyber Command in the United States and USEUCOM in Germany. All of these organizations were designed to facilitate a whole-of-government approach, where all elements of national power work together in order to address emerging threats. Eventually, once societies understand the nature of the threats facing them, they will hopefully mobilize nongovernmental assets, adopting a “whole of society” approach. When all of these vii
Page 5 and 6: Edited by Michael Miklaucic and Jac
Page 7: Contents Foreword vii James G. Stav
Page 11 and 12: Foreword find themselves in. The Re
Page 13 and 14: Acknowledgments E very published bo
Page 15 and 16: Introduction Michael Miklaucic and
Page 17 and 18: Introduction networks will operate
Page 19 and 20: Introduction and distribution opera
Page 21 and 22: Introduction bureaucracies remain h
Page 23: Introduction Just looking at Mexico
Page 27 and 28: Chapter 1 Deviant Globalization Nil
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Page 31 and 32: Deviant Globalization of (at least
Page 33 and 34: Deviant Globalization tale. Today
Page 35 and 36: Deviant Globalization What Is to Be
Page 37: Deviant Globalization 3 Philip Capu
Page 40 and 41: Williams Some commentators wholehea
Page 42 and 43: Williams In this connection, not on
Page 44 and 45: Williams 20 With a single ship able
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Page 48 and 49: Williams of no-go zone and slums an
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Williams would not be prudent to re
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Williams 56 “Global Water Securit
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Picard information on black markets
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Picard harms. The economic value of
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Picard not particularly relevant as
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Picard The Government Accountabilit
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Picard The study was based on a var
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Picard In considering whether the d
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Picard 50 Table 3. Comparison of Pr
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Picard Connecting Illicit Market Si
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Picard have died because they have
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Picard 56 10 percent = $14.95 billi
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Picard prohibited, taxed, or regula
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Picard 32 “The Illegal Shipment o
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Chapter 4 The Illicit Supply Chain
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The Illicit Supply Chain business (
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The Illicit Supply Chain For cash c
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The Illicit Supply Chain routes (bo
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The Illicit Supply Chain increase i
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The Illicit Supply Chain 6 In 2010,
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Chapter 5 Fixers, Super Fixers, and
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Fixers, Super Fixers, and Shadow Fa
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Keefe If, as Phil Williams contends
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Keefe For those seeking to study or
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Keefe Partial State Degradation Fro
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Keefe A more recent study hypothesi
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Keefe An Informal Economy Of course
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Keefe Notes 1 William Langewiesche,
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Chapter 7 Threat Finance: A Critica
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Threat Finance ultimately threatens
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Threat Finance donations that were
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Figure 1. A Simple Hawala Transacti
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Threat Finance benefits offered by
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Threat Finance Since the start of t
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Threat Finance played a key role in
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Threat Finance international standa
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Threat Finance Directive 5205.14 ch
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Threat Finance 18 Per 2009 statisti
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Chapter 8 Money Laundering into Rea
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Money Laundering into Real Estate p
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Money Laundering into Real Estate a
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Money Laundering into Real Estate Y
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Money Laundering into Real Estate f
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Money Laundering into Real Estate c
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Money Laundering into Real Estate S
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Money Laundering into Real Estate 3
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Part III. The Attack on Sovereignty
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Miklaucic and Naím linkages to ext
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Miklaucic and Naím magnitude of il
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Miklaucic and Naím are groups and
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Miklaucic and Naím 156 or as defin
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Miklaucic and Naím While disturbin
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Miklaucic and Naím now exceeds US$
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Miklaucic and Naím However, under
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Miklaucic and Naím that would bene
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Miklaucic and Naím An Existential
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Miklaucic and Naím 15 Transparency
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Chapter 10 How Illicit Networks Imp
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How Illicit Networks Impact Soverei
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• usurping state fiscal roles (st
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Felbab-Brown the 2010 U.S. military
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Felbab-Brown poorest farmers, who a
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Felbab-Brown the strategic distinct
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Felbab-Brown system. Intolerable to
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Felbab-Brown Poppy cultivation did
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Felbab-Brown Should a civil war be
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Felbab-Brown Moreover, the positive
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Felbab-Brown During conflict situat
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Felbab-Brown 2 Adam Pain, “Opium
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Felbab-Brown 39 For details, see Fe
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Part IV. Fighting Back
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Luna domestic product. The wide ava
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Luna renewed multilateral diplomacy
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Luna organizations or facilitators
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Luna build on regional and interreg
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Luna subregional, and bilateral lev
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Luna 224 • drain the illicit econ
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Luna to combat the assets of the cr
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Luna The following represent exampl
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Luna rests in private hands. Privat
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Luna Author’s Note In honor and m
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Wechsler and Barnabo The drug-traff
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Wechsler and Barnabo threat to nati
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Wechsler and Barnabo the state. Col
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Wechsler and Barnabo enemies in Afg
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Wechsler and Barnabo Notes 1 Statem
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Realuyo 244 • Promote collaborati
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Realuyo a result of globalization,
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Realuyo 248 • reduce the demand f
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Realuyo 250 • Organized crime and
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Realuyo around the world, and their
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Realuyo For more than 10 years, the
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Realuyo power and corruption by the
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Realuyo handled 141 investigative l
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Realuyo is in support of those law
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Realuyo 262 • Know your partners.
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Realuyo Table 1. Critical Elements
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Realuyo 18 Ibid. 19 UNODC, “UNODC
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About the Contributors Michael Mikl
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About the Contributors Nils Gilman
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About the Contributors feiting, art
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About the Contributors campaign pla
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