convergence

Lawlessness and Disorder
25 Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division, World Population Prospects The 2010
Revision—Highlights and Advance Tables (New York: United Nations [UN], 2011), xiii, hereafter cited as Population
Division.
26 Jack A. Goldstone, “The New Population Bomb: The Four Megatrends That Will Change the World,” Foreign
Affairs (January/February 2010), 31–43.
27 Population Division, xiii.
28 Ibid.
29 DDDC, UK Ministry of Defense, Global Strategic Trends—Out to 2040 (January 1910), 95.
30 Goldstone, 34.
31 Ibid., 35–36.
32 “Canadian man testifies at Kosovo organ trafficking trial,” CTV News, March 23, 2012, available at .
33 Richard Norton, “Feral Cities,” Naval War College Review 56, no. 4 (Autumn 2003), 97–106, available at
.
34 Dirk Heinrichs et al., Risk Habitat Megacity (Berlin: Springer, 2012), 4.
35 UN-Habitat, State of the World’s Cities 2006/7 (London: Earthscan, 2006), 19.
36 Ibid., 11.
37 The notion of social exclusion is discussed in Manuel Castells, End of Millennium (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998),
71–72.
38 Wally N’Dow, quoted in “The Urbanizing World: Megacities; Bane or Boon,” World Press Review (August
1996), 8.
39 st
“Slum Dwellers to double by 2030: Millennium Development Goal Could Fall Short,” UN-Habitat, 21
Session of the Governing Council, Nairobi, Kenya, April 16–20, 2007.
40 This point is emphasized by Thomas Homer-Dixon, “Standing Room Only,” Toronto Globe and Mail, March
6, 2002, available at .
41 Ibid.
42 Karina Landman, “Alley-gating and neighbourhood gating: Are they two sides of the same face?” Paper
delivered at the conference Gated Communities: Building Social Division or Safer Communities? Glasgow, September
18–19, 2003, available at .
43 Ibid.
44 Andre Standing, The social contradictions of organized crime on the Cape Flats, ISS Paper 74, June 2003, 7.
45 Ibid., 9.
46 Rivke Jaffe, “Between the street and the state: Crime and citizenship in urban Jamaica,” available at .
47 Elizabeth Leeds, “Cocaine and Parallel Polities in the Brazilian Urban Periphery: Constraints on Local-Level
Democratization,” Latin American Research Review 31, no. 3 (1996), 75.
48 Michael T. Klare, The Race for What’s Left: The Global Scramble for the World’s Last Resources (New York:
Macmillan, 2012).
49 The author has benefited on this issue from work done by two graduate students at the University of Pittsburgh,
Tomas Malina and Brian Gray.
50 The author is grateful to Giacomo O’Neill, a graduate student at the University of Pittsburgh, for his research
and analysis of this issue.
51 “Addressing Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking in Iraq: Report of the UNODC Fact Finding Mission,”
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, August 5–18, 2003 (Vienna, August 25, 2003).
52 Edward Fox, “FARC Set to Exploit Venezuela ‘Conflict Mineral,’” March 12, 2012, available at .
53 Tim Boekhout van Solinge, “Eco-Crime: The Tropical Timber Trade,” available at .
54 Kurt M. Campbell and Christine Parthemore, National Security and Climate Change in Perspective, in Climatic
Cataclysm, ed. Kurt M. Campbell, 19 (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2008).
55 Gwynne Dyer, Climate Wars (Brunswick, Australia: Scribe, 2010), xi.
35