convergence

Sullivan
13 See John P. Sullivan and Adam Elkus, “Global cities–global gangs,” openDemocracy.net, December 2, 2009, available
at .
14 See John P. Sullivan, “Transnational Gangs: The Impact of Third Generation Gangs in Central America,”
Air and Space Power Journal, Spanish Edition, July 2008, available at .
15 John P. Sullivan, “Third Generation Street Gangs: Turf, Cartels, and Net Warriors,” Transnational Organized
Crime 3, no. 3 (Autumn 1997). See also John P. Sullivan, “Future Conflict: Criminal Insurgencies, Gangs
and Intelligence,” Small Wars Journal, May 31, 2009, available at .
16 Personal interview with gang intelligence investigators, identities withheld for operational security. See also
Samuel Logan, This Is for the Mara Salvatrucha (New York: Hyperion Books, 2009), and the This Is for the Mara
Salvatrucha Web site, available at .
17 The Mexican press speculates that between 38,000 and over 40,000 persons have been killed in the conflict
since 2006. In January 2011, the Mexican government pegged the toll at 34,600. No official updates have been
provided since. See “Mexico Debates Drug War Death Toll Figure amid Government Silence,” Latin America News
Dispatch, June 3, 2011, available at .
18 John P. Sullivan, “Criminal Netwarriors in Mexico’s Drug Wars,” GroupIntel, December 22, 2008, available
at .
19 Ibid.
20 John P. Sullivan and Adam Elkus, “Cartel v. Cartel: Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency,” Small Wars Journal,
February 1, 2010, available at .
21 “2 powerful cartels dominate Mexico drug war,” CBS News, October 1, 2011, available at .
22 Daniel Borunda, “‘Lynxes,’ Azteca formed hit squad: birthday party attack directed by cartel, gang,” El Paso
Times, February 11, 2010, available at .
23 Chris Hawley, “Drug cartels tighten grip; Mexico becoming ‘narco-state,’” Arizona Republic, February 7, 2010,
available at .
24 Ibid.
25 st Ed Vulliamy, “Killing for kudos—the brutal face of Mexico’s 21 -century war,” The Guardian/Observer,
February 7, 2010, available at .
26 Ibid.
27 Sullivan, “Criminal Netwarriors in Mexico’s Drug Wars.”
28 See John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, “Rethinking insurgency: criminality, spirituality, and societal warfare
in the Americas,” Small Wars & Insurgencies 22, no. 5 (December 2011), 742–763.
29 John P. Sullivan, “Post-Modern Social Banditry: Criminal Violence or Criminal Insurgency?” paper presented
at conference, Drug Trafficking, Violence, and Instability in Mexico, Colombia, and the Caribbean: Implications
for U.S. National Security, co-hosted by University of Pittsburgh’s Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International
Security Studies and Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, in Pittsburgh, PA, October 29, 2009.
30 Sullivan, “Intelligence, Sovereignty, Criminal Insurgency, and Drug Cartels.”
31 Jason Beaubien, “El Salvador Fears Ties Between Cartels, Street Gangs,” NPR News, June 1, 2011.
32 Mark Memmott, “In El Salvador: Gang Leaders Who Say They’re Social Workers,” The two-way (NPR
News Blog), available at .
33 Diane Davis is quoted in Peter Dizikes, “An altered state,” PHYSORG.com, available at .
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Diane E. Davis, “Irregular Armed Forces, Shifting Patterns of Commitment, and Fragmented Sovereignty in
the Developing World,” Theory and Society, MIT Open Access Article, April 19, 2010.
37 Ibid.
38 Alfredo Corchado, “Traffic in illegal drugs spawns violence and corruption on path north,” Bellingham Herald,
April 28, 2011.
39 Ibid.
186