convergence

Miklaucic and Naím
15 Transparency International, “Corruption Perceptions Index 2011,” available at .
16 James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime (Washington, DC:
National Institute of Justice, June 2001).
17 Statement of William Browder, chief executive officer of Hermitage Capital Management, BBC News,
November 23, 2009.
18 Finckenauer and Voronin.
19 “Corruption Perceptions Index 2011.”
20 Ibid.; see also, Mark Galeotti, “The Criminalization of Russian State Security,” in Criminal States and Criminal
Soldiers, ed. Robert J. Bunker (London: Routledge, 2008).
21 Rachel Locke.
22 Bruce Gilley, “The Meaning and Measure of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries,” European Journal of
Political Research 45 (2006), 499–525.
23 th The World Bank, “Kenya Economic Update,” 6 ed., June 2012.
24 “Failed States Index 2012.”
25 Peter Gastrow, Termites at Work: A Report on Transnational Organized Crime and State Erosion in Kenya
(New York: International Peace Institute, 2011).
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Bayart, Ellis, and Hibou.
31 Gastrow.
32 Ibid.
33 Joel Hellman and Daniel Kaufmann, “Confronting the Challenge of State Capture in Transition Economies,”
Finance and Development 38, no. 3 (International Monetary Fund, September 2001).
34 Ibid.
35 David Kupferschmidt, Illicit Political Finance and State Capture (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy
and Electoral Assistance, August 21, 2009).
36 Douglas Farah, Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States: An Emerging Tier-One
National Security Priority (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, July 2012), available at .
37 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), “2011 Human Development Index,” Human Development
Report 2011: Sustainability and Equity, A Better Future for All (New York: UNDP, November 2, 2011).
38 BBC News, April 9, 2010, available at .
39 “Corruption Perceptions Index 2011.”
40 UNODC, Cocaine Trafficking in Western Africa (New York: UNODC, October 2007).
41 Dennis F. Thompson, Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption (Washington, DC:
Brookings Institution Press, 1995).
42 Anna Grzymala-Busse, “Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation,” Comparative
Political Studies 41, nos. 4–5 (April/May 2008), 638–673.
43 Douglas Farah, A Volatile Mix: Non-State Actors and Criminal States (Washington, DC: Center for American
Progress, October 2004).
44 Tom Saah Kamara, “Liberia: The Emergence of a Criminal State,” ThePerspective.org, July 2000, available at
.
45 Farah, A Volatile Mix.
46 Liana Sun Wyler and Dick K. Nanto, North Korean Crime-for-Profit Activities, RL33885 (Washington, DC:
Congressional Research Service, August 25, 2008), available at .
47 Ludington Daily News, November 10, 1976.
48 Raphael Perl, “State Crime: The North Korean Drug Trade,” Global Crime 6, no. 1 (February 2004).
49 David L. Asher, “The North Korean Criminal State, Its Ties to Organized Crime, and the Possibility of WMD
Proliferation,” Policy Forum Online 05-92A (Berkeley: Nautilus Institute, November 15, 2005).
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