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TERNATE 89 TOPOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL DESCRIPTIONS the interior, known by the names of Putar, Buniaka, Lampak, Papau Banggai, and Tanatu. These five kampongs have more than four hundred inhabitants in total. They all profess Islam, except for the people of Tanatu, who come from the Alfuru villages of Liang and Bolagi on the island of Peleng. The headmen of these kampongs bear the title of Sangaji and Kimalaha. There are also a number of other officials, namely: one Jogugu, one Captain-Laut, two Majors, one [p. 128] Captain-Kota, one Lieutenant-Ngofa, three Hukums, two Miantus, two Sadahas, one Kapita-Kie, one Captain-Prang, three Lieutenants, one Alferes, five Sarjetis, one Secretary, and five Jurtulises. On behalf of the Sultan there are: one Utusan, one Jurtulis, one Captain-Kota, one Alferes-Krois, one Alferes, and a few soldiers and guards. The heads of the kampongs are directly under the Rajah and, with the Jogugu, Captain-Laut, and Utusan, and under the chairmanship of the latter, form a kind of council. This council discusses all matters pertaining to the administration and settles small cases. The Rajah usually appoints them for life, but they have no fixed income and they are also entrusted with the collection of taxes payable to the Sultan and the Rajah. The collection of these taxes is very difficult at times, because of the wandering nature of the Alfurus. They do not dare to refuse the appointment, however, and try to make a living from the surplus of the taxes collected. This rarely degenerates into extortion, though, for when the Alfurus are victimized too much, they flee with their wives and children to the inaccessible forests on Celebes. The only advantages that both the <strong>Ternate</strong>se and the local officials have are, firstly, their claim on the service of two or more persons to carry out statute labor (lambanua) for them, usually in the form of domestic work; and secondly, the income from anchorage fees, usually in the amount of f 10.- per trade proa, payable in money or linens. This income has to be shared with the Rajah. The islands of Labolo and Bangkulu each have more than one hundred inhabitants, half of whom are Moslems and the other half Alfurus with a Kapita as headman, who is subordinate to the Rajah. Peleng, its irregular shape almost surpassing that of Celebes and Halmahera, has a hilly terrain which almost everywhere extends along the coast and into the sea with little alluvial formation. There are sixteen kampongs altogether, some of which consist of only a few houses, since the Alfuru population is still little inclined to settle permanently and prefers to roam in the forests. The kampongs [p. 129] are called the following: Seasea, Bolagi, Pelei with Nandang, Paisulunu, Tinangkung with Mansama, Popisi, Totikon, Sambiuk, Kabuntokan, Pondi-Pondi, Tatakalai, Bonitom, Liang with Tanatu, Apal, Lolanta, and Luuk with Peleng. 6 In all, approximately three thousand people live on these islands. Of these kampongs Seasea is considered the most important, since the Sangaji of that kampong (which takes up, together with the lands that go with it, almost the whole southwestern peninsula) is considered first among all the Sangajis. It is here that the hilly terrain slowly rises to a height of one thousand to fifteen hundred feet. This is generally known as Gunung Seasea. One can observe from the sea the numerous open places where sayafu is grown; near the beach seros (large, stationary fish traps) have been placed for 6 [p. 129, n. 1] This list corrects that of Bosscher and Matthijsen, p. 94. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES DIGITAL EDITION
TERNATE 90 TOPOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL DESCRIPTIONS fishing, which otherwise is done with fish traps somewhat resembling in shape the large fish traps used on Makian. The Sangajis have minor officials under them who bear the titles of kapita and tonggol. The population can be divided into the Moslems, who live on the coast, and the Alfuru, who live in their gardens or in the forests. Except for religion and the rituals associated with it, these two groups differ little in language, way of life, and customs. 7 [p. 130] The number of Alfuru inhabitants on Peleng and Banggai is estimated at about ten thousand, since according to their headmen their number is considerable. They lack the strong looks of their fellow tribesmen on other islands and are more of the Makassarese type, either because of earlier and later intermixing, or because they moved in days long past from the mainland of Celebes to these islands. The women are small, thickset, and lacking in beauty. These people are very timid and immediately take flight when strangers approach. In the forests they wear cotton loincloths, but when they come to the coast they wear shorts which reach to just above the knee and also a head shawl. 7 [p. 129, n. 2] The numerals are partially the same. For the beach dwellers they are as follows: 1 meng 6 nom 2 luwa 7 pitu 3 tolu 8 pitu rubia 4 sangkap 9 sio 5 lima 10 sangulo The Alfurus use sanggap for “4” and walu for “8.” Since very little is known about this language and that of Tobungku, the parameters given by Brandes for the Malay-Polynesian language-family have only fictitious value. Even the other words given by Bosscher and Matthijsen are not always correct, as shown below: English in B. and M. should be not ake aki big besaar bobasa small popoiyrio popoisi to eat kael kan good monokko manondo above indah bungko below [p. 130] indoh buli hand lewandoh limango deep ahian atean to rise pobapoba liba; etc Moreover, the population of Tobungku speaks a completely different language. Whether the linguistic contribution of Riedel is reliable, I cannot say: it was published after my departure from <strong>Ternate</strong>. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES DIGITAL EDITION
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F.S.A. de Clercq Ternate The Reside
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TERNATE ii CONTENTS List of Illustr
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TERNATE iv CONTENTS Preface The lit
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TERNATE vi PLATES Fig. 3. A hat mad
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TERNATE 2 TOPOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL DES
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TERNATE 10 TOPOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL DE
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Page 109 and 110: TERNATE 102 SHORT CHRONICLE [p. 147
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Page 141 and 142: TERNATE 134 SHORT CHRONICLE Sultan
Page 143 and 144: TERNATE 136 THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE
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TERNATE 140 THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE
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172 TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE bang
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE buta
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE dadi
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE dodu
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE hari
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE hoko
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE iste
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE offi
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE Labu
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE lofi
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE mala
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE milt
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE nyem
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE popa
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE tofa
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE uge,
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TERNATE THE TERNATESE LANGUAGE yaya
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TERNATE 242 APPENDICES Kapitein-ngo
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TERNATE 244 APPENDICES menganiaja o
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TERNATE 246 APPENDICES Council, sin
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TERNATE 248 APPENDICES after nine o
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TERNATE 250 APPENDICES Thursday, Fe
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TERNATE 252 APPENDICES Saturday, Ma
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TERNATE 254 APPENDICES quitasols, s
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TERNATE 256 APPENDICES It flies fro
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TERNATE 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anhange vo
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TERNATE 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY F.R.S., la
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TERNATE 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY Realia 188
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TERNATE 264 INDEX OF NAMES [p. 355]
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