The Global Innovation Index 2012

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112 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 5: The Role of Coherent Linkages Figure 2: Innovation capabilities in GCC and selected developed countries 2a: Local availability of specialized research and training services In your country, to what extent are high-quality, specialized training services available? [1 = not at all available; 7 = widely available] Switzerland Finland USA Singapore UAE Saudi Arabia Bahrain Korea, Rep. Qatar Kuwait Oman Finland Japan USA Singapore UAE Korea, Rep. Qatar Saudi Arabia Bahrain Kuwait Oman 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Not available Widely available 2b: Availability of scientists and engineers To what extent are scientists and engineers available in your country? [1 = not at all available; 7 = widely available] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Not available Widely available Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2010–2011. rank (out of 142) Score Switzerland 1 6.4 finland 10 5.6 uSA 11 5.6 Singapore 19 5.2 uAE 28 4.9 Saudi Arabia 29 4.9 Bahrain 35 4.7 Korea, rep. 39 4.6 Qatar 67 4.1 Kuwait 86 3.8 Oman 90 3.8 rank (out of 142) Score finland 1 6.0 Japan 2 5.8 uSA 4 5.5 Singapore 12 5.3 uAE 18 4.9 Korea, rep. 23 4.9 Qatar 24 4.9 Saudi Arabia 26 4.9 Bahrain 55 4.3 Kuwait 65 4.1 Oman 99 3.6
which is good. However, the role of large firms seems to have been downplayed. The next component of the policy framework is the innovation drivers—a set of policies that encompass all sectors and address financial capital, physical capital, human capital, and R&D (the middle circle in Figure 1). The last piece of the framework involves the innovation environment—the policies that aim to make the socioeconomic arena conducive to generating new ideas (the outer circle in Figure 1). A clearly identified institution must have ownership of each of these three policy framework components and be accountable for implementation. The institutional model framework is the assembly of the stakeholders; their mandate is to cooperate to define and implement policies. The model links all of the stakeholders in the ecosystem (including academic and R&D centres, financial organizations, businesses, and government institutions) through dedicated agencies for promotion, funding, and orchestration. The next challenge for the GCC is to ensure that the complex web of links among stakeholders is effective and spurs new ideas. These links can emerge within the framework that GCC states have created over the past decade. The GCC thus far has focused on framing the policy agenda and putting in place strategies and policies to develop the drivers and the environment. Linking innovation policies A crucial step in moving to an innovation-based economy is creating a balance of human, physical, and financial resources. Policies geared to the development of innovation drivers are necessary but not sufficient. Such policies also must align with laws and regulations that can provide the correct conditions for inventive ideas to flourish. This is an area of great opportunity for the GCC states. They can elevate their policy agenda framework, which will help such drivers as human capital and R&D reach levels comparable to those of advanced economies (see Figure 2). The GCC states can also link related policies more effectively to their respective components of strategy, drivers, and the environment. The GCC has lagged behind innovation economies for the simple reason that many sectors in the region are at early stages of development. They either have not had the time to show results or do not yet have a comprehensive strategy. The GCC states can do more in terms of R&D spending relative to GDP. The latest available figures show, for example, that Kuwait’s R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP was a mere 0.11% in 2009 (down from 0.21% in 1997) while that of Saudi Arabia was 0.08% in 2009 (up from 0.06% in 2003).4 From a private-sector perspective, the lack of competition has removed a strong incentive to seek a business advantage through R&D. Equally important, many GCC companies are hesitant to invest in R&D because of their national regulatory and legal frameworks. The GCC countries have made significant efforts to improve this environment—for example, by enhancing intellectual property (IP) protection. A more comprehensive legislative approach would advance matters further (see Box 1). An overall strategy must also identify the critical sectors that will drive inventiveness if it is to forge effective links among the different aspects of the policy agenda. Each of these sectors, in turn, must establish a strategy that cascades down to its various business areas, assesses and identifies the key typology within them, and determines the characteristics of the associated enterprise model. Clarity on these sector-specific plans will allow relevant government stakeholders to formulate policies relating to financial and human capital, and research in science and technology. In Sweden, for example, the government sets the overall policy and allocates the necessary budget to support it. In turn, the local authorities and the county councils set policies for regional innovation and identify target sectors in accordance with overall national policies. Relevant ministries (including the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Enterprise, the Ministry of Energy and Communication, and the Ministry of Defence) set their respective policies in research and education to facilitate the implementation of the national strategy. Research and innovation policy councils support these efforts by providing advice and guidance to the government and ministries. Several other entities, such as the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (known as VINNOVA) provide funds for basic and industry research. Other groups, such as Almi Företagspartner, finance, provide advice, arrange contacts, and assist in business development for small and medium-sized enterprises to stimulate the formation of new companies and innovative activities. Universities and public and private research institutions perform research by coordinating with private businesses. The latter then conducts in-house R&D to develop products and services. A final consideration is that GCC policy agendas should focus their efforts on national strengths, 113 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 5: The Role of Coherent Linkages
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Page 111 and 112: cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Page 117: the best combinations of foreign te
Page 131 and 132: cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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Page 137 and 138: Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
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Page 145 and 146: Figure 2: Expenditure on technologi
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Page 153 and 154: cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
Page 155 and 156: Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
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Page 159 and 160: culture, environment, and economy.1
Page 161: 13 See the Department of Biotechnol
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Page 167 and 168: institutions in developing countrie
Page 169 and 170: egan to publish monographs on STI p
Page 171 and 172: cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
Page 173 and 174: Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
Page 175 and 176: Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
Page 177 and 178: Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
Page 179 and 180: cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
Page 181 and 182: egularly update their pages and sha
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cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
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Table 1: Models of creative industr
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than any single major recording lab
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Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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