The Global Innovation Index 2012

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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 1: The GII Conceptual Framework
Box 2: Online creativity in the Global Innovation Index 2012
The participative Internet is increasingly
an important platform for creativity and
innovation (see the contributions from
Google (Chapter 11), The Internet Society
(ISOC, Chapter 10), and the International
Telecommunications (ITU, Chapter 9) in this
report). Web users are now often contributors
to developing, rating, collaborating, and
distributing Internet content. New web tools
have emerged around digital content- and
data-rich web services.
As a result, studies supported by ISOC
and the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)—
which are part of the GII Advisory Board—
and the OECD show that digital content is
growing very quickly in volume, often at
high rates. 1 Low- and middle income countries
are becoming important sources of
content.
Online creativity is now established as
an important new facet of innovation, but
traditional innovation metrics do not capture
this phenomenon. New approaches
are needed. These could be facilitated by
the fact that the emerging Internet is also
a source of potentially real-time, complete,
and detailed data about Internet user behaviours
and content creations. As opposed to
the offline world, where data collection is
tedious and is based on samples and surveys,
on the Internet one can potentially
measure each and every online transaction.
That said, reliable metrics in this field are
only nascent or difficult to access. Although
this area of data is slowly moving into household
surveys of national statistical offices,
official data on the topic are still lacking. 2
Metrics collected on the behaviours of
Internet users are mostly owned by private
firms. Access to the full data is often
restricted for reasons of confidentiality.
Despite all the focus on how the Internet
is stimulating creativity, it is also still difficult
to properly account for content creation.
Internet measurement firms now enable us
to get detailed data on the amount of time
users spent online and what type of Internet
sites they view. However, properly accounting
for creative outputs on the Internet is
largely impossible on the basis of these data.
To be sure, new metrics have emerged
on the number of users of social networks
and online encyclopaedias, the number of
blogs and tweets, the number of online photos
and online songs and others. 3 Yet these
often provide only a partial picture, because
they are provided by private sources or are
focused on specific Internet properties only
(such as Facebook, Wikipedia, Technorati
for blogs, and so on). These also might
not be equally representative for all countries
because of language and other biases.
Taking this into account, the GII 2012 measures
the creation of online content by
including a new sub-pillar (7.3) comprising
four metrics, two focused on the creation of
Internet sites and two on online participation
in the creation of content, all scaled by
population aged 15–69 years old. These are:
7.3 Online creativity
7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)
7.3.2 Country-code TLDs
7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits
7.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube
Earlier papers have discussed the pros
and cons of these data in great detail. 4
• The combination of domain name
information provides a relatively good
approximation for local content creation,
although websites in themselves
can be seen only as potential platforms
for creative outputs. Also some country-specific
biases exist that need to be
factored in. 5
• The edits provided to Wikipedia encyclopaedia
sites are a relatively trustworthy
indication of user activity on this
global online encyclopaedia.
• Identifying data on online content
creation is more difficult. In collaboration
with Google, the GII is using
video upload on YouTube, the online
video sharing service, as a content creation
proxy. It is the first time these
data are published in this way, after
transforming them into an index to
avoid revealing the confidential underlying
data. Three caveats apply. First,
video uploaded to YouTube may also
be distributed through other traditional
channels (e.g., a television broadcast
that the station also uploads to their
own YouTube channel). We do not
attempt to disentangle the ‘online-only’
content in this dataset. Second, this
video service does not operate in all
countries and is blocked in some, which
could bias the figures in these countries
downward. Finally, since the data cover
only YouTube, it is merely a proxy and
misses content creation that is occurring
on other video platforms.
With these caveats in mind, the creation
of this new online creativity pillar does justice
to better accounting for online creativity
and furthering the development of right
metrics in the field.
Notes
1. ISOC, OECD, and UNESCO, 2011.
2. OECD, 2008.
3. OECD, 2006, 2007.
4. OECD, 2006, 2007; Bruegge, 2011.
5. OECD, 2006, 2007; Bruegge, 2011.
References
Bruegge, C. 2011. ‘Measuring Digital Local Content’.
OECD Digital Economy Papers No. 188. Paris: OECD.
ISOC (Internet Society), OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development),
and the UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization). 2011. The
Relationship Between Local Content, Internet
Development and Access Prices. Paris: OECD.
Available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/9/8/50305352.pdf.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development). 2006. ‘Emerging Technology
Applications: The Participative Web.’ OECD
Information Technology Outlook, Chapter 7,
Paris: OECD.
———. 2007. Participative Web and User-Created
Content: Web 2.0, Wikis and Social Networking.
Paris: OECD. Available at http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/9307031e.pdf.
———. 2008. ‘Measuring User-Created Content:
Implications for the ICT Access and Use by
Households and Individuals Surveys’. Working
Party on Indicators for the Information Society.
Paris: OECD.