The Global Innovation Index 2012

262
THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 I: Country/Economy Profiles
Mongolia
Key indicators
population (millions) .................................................................................... 2.8
GDp per capita, ppp$ ............................................................................. 4,509.7
GDp (uS$ billions) ......................................................................................... 8.8
Score (0–100)
or value (hard data) rank
Global Innovation Index 2012 (out of 141)......................... 35.0 68
Innovation Output Sub-Index ........................................................................................... 27.1 79
Innovation Input Sub-Index .............................................................................................. 42.8 53
Innovation Efficiency Index ................................................................................................. 0.6 109
Global Innovation Index 2011 (out of 125) .............................................................................. 68
GII 2012 rank among GII 2011 economies (125) ...................................................................... 66
1 Institutions ....................................................58.2 63
1.1 Political environment ............................................................57.2 67
1.1.1 Political stability*....................................................................................77.6 40
1.1.2 Government effectiveness* ............................................................24.8 105
1.1.3 Press freedom* ........................................................................................69.1 79
1.2 Regulatory environment .......................................................69.6 59
1.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................44.6 92
1.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................36.5 83
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ...........................8.7 23
1.3 Business environment ...........................................................47.9 71
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................51.0 69
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................21.5 110
1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................71.2 41
2 Human capital & research ..........................31.8 80
2.1 Education ..................................................................................48.6 79
2.1.1 Current expenditure on education, % GNI ..............................5.1 37
2.1.2 Public expenditure/pupil, % GDP/cap .....................................16.7 82
2.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................13.9 50
2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..................................n/a n/a
2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................21.1 97
2.2 Tertiary education ..................................................................33.2 68
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................53.3 41
2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................17.1 66
2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................0.6 85
2.2.4 Gross tertiary outbound enrolment, % ......................................3.0 28
2.3 Research & development (R&D) ..........................................13.7 112
2.3.1 Researchers, headcounts/mn pop. .........................................644.6 66
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................0.2 77
2.3.3 Quality of scientific research institutions† ............................31.2 107
3 Infrastructure................................................32.6 74
3.1 Information & communication technologies (ICT) ........41.0 57
3.1.1 ICT access* .................................................................................................36.0 86
3.1.2 ICT use* ..........................................................................................................8.6 92
3.1.3 Government’s online service* .......................................................58.8 45
3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................60.5 24
3.2 General infrastructure ...........................................................38.6 59
3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap ..................................................... 1,542.4 84
3.2.2 Electricity consumption, kWh/cap ...................................... 1,432.0 83
3.2.3 Quality of trade & transport infrastructure* .........................23.5 126
3.2.4 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................40.8 3 l
3.3 Ecological sustainability .......................................................18.2 116
3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2000 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................2.3 113
3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................45.4 102
3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........0.1 124
4 Market sophistication .................................52.6 28
4.1 Credit .........................................................................................50.1 27
4.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................38.7 72
4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................39.6 81
4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP ...............................................14.8 1 l
4.2 Investment ................................................................................39.8 31
4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................76.2 27
4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................18.0 81
4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP .............................................0.8 74
4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP .............................................79.3 17 l
4.3 Trade & competition ..............................................................68.0 41
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ........................................5.1 80
4.3.2 Non-agricultural mkt access weighted tariff, % ....................0.4 50
4.3.3 Imports of goods & services, % GDP ........................................62.4 33
4.3.4 Exports of goods & services, % GDP .........................................54.7 33
4.3.5 Intensity of local competition† ....................................................58.0 92
5 Business sophistication ..............................38.9 69
5.1 Knowledge workers ................................................................42.8 76
5.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ....................................20.2 67
5.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................61.2 11 l
5.1.3 R&D performed by business, % .......................................................6.9 78
5.1.4 R&D financed by business, % ...........................................................3.6 78
5.1.5 GMAT mean score ..............................................................................471.9 93
5.1.6 GMAT test takers/mn pop. 20–34 ............................................139.9 41
5.2 Innovation linkages ...............................................................41.7 48
5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................36.8 94
5.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................26.3 122
5.2.3 R&D financed by abroad, % ...............................................................1.8 75
5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ..............................224.3 1 l
5.2.5 PCT patent filings with foreign inventor, % .......................100.0 1 l
5.3 Knowledge absorption ..........................................................32.3 83
5.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments/th GDP ..................................0.4 93
5.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % .........................................5.8 92
5.3.3 Computer & comm. service imports, % ..................................20.8 98
5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP ......................................................................23.5 3 l
6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........22.7 90
6.1 Knowledge creation ...............................................................49.4 24
6.1.1 Domestic resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP ...........................9.9 19
6.1.2 PCT resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP ........................................0.1 75
6.1.3 Domestic res utility model ap/bn PPP$ GDP ......................11.5 1 l
6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................4.1 62
6.2 Knowledge impact ................................................................... 2.8 140
6.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ..........................................n/a n/a
6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 ......................................................n/a n/a
6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP .......................................n/a n/a
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................0.2 133
6.3 Knowledge diffusion ..............................................................15.8 119
6.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts/th GDP.......................................0.1 74
6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, %...........................................0.4 93
6.3.3 Computer & comm. service exports, % .....................................8.9 124
6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................0.8 46
7 Creative outputs ..........................................31.6 71
7.1 Creative intangibles ...............................................................48.5 33
7.1.1 Domestic res trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP .......................316.9 1 l
7.1.2 Madrid resident trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP .......................0.2 47
7.1.3 ICT & business model creation† ..................................................44.9 91
7.1.4 ICT & organizational model creation† .....................................45.4 79
7.2 Creative goods & services .....................................................10.6 98
7.2.1 Recreation & culture consumption, % ........................................2.0 82
7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................7.9 12 l
7.2.3 Paid-for dailies, circulation/th pop. 15–69 .............................25.9 101
7.2.4 Creative goods exports, % ..................................................................0.3 100
7.2.5 Creative services exports, % ..............................................................0.1 101
7.3 Online creativity ......................................................................19.0 79
7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............1.8 88
7.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ............................................25.6 61
7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits/mn pop. 15–69 ...........................389.6 82
7.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................46.5 86