The Global Innovation Index 2012

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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 1: The GII Conceptual Framework
Figure 1: Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2012
Institutions
political
environment
regulatory
environment
Business
environment
education by the state. The quality
of education is measured through
the results to the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) Programme
for International Student Assessment
(PISA), which examines 15-year-old
students’ performances in reading,
mathematics, and science, as well as
the pupil-teacher ratio.
The OECD PISA assessment is
made every three years. The 2009
data used in the GII 2011 were, however,
complemented this year with
the addition of scores for eight countries
that underwent the PISA assessment
in 2010: Costa Rica, Georgia,
India (Himachal Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu), Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius,
the Republic of Moldova, and the
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
(Miranda).
Innovation Input
Sub-Index
Human
capital and
research Infrastructure
Education
Tertiary
education
research &
development
IcT
General
infrastructure
Ecological
sustainability
Global Innovation Index
(average)
Innovation Efficiency Index
(ratio)
Market
sophistication
credit
Investment
Trade &
competition
Business
sophistication
Knowledge
workers
Innovation
linkages
Knowledge
absorption
Higher education is crucial for
economies to move up the value
chain beyond simple production
processes and products. The subpillar
on tertiary education aims at
capturing coverage (tertiary enrolment);
the priority given to the sectors
traditionally associated with
innovation (with a series on the
percentage of tertiary graduates in
science and engineering, manufacturing,
and construction);6 and the
inbound and gross outbound mobility
of tertiary students,7 which play a
crucial role in the exchange of ideas
and skills necessary to innovation.
The last sub-pillar, on R&D,
measures the level and quality of
R&D activities, with indicators on
researchers (headcounts), expenditure,
and perceptions of the quality
of scientific and research institutions
(a survey question).
Knowledge and
technology
outputs
Knowledge
creation
Knowledge
impact
Knowledge
diffusion
Innovation Output
Sub-Index
Creative
outputs
creative
intangibles
creative goods
and services
Online
creativity
Infrastructure
In the 2011 GII, the Infrastructure
pillar included three sub-pillars:
Information and communication
technologies (ICT), energy supply,
and infrastructure. In 2012, the
last two sub-pillars were reshuffled
to render most explicit the importance,
on one hand, of a good general
infrastructure (new sub-pillar
7.2) and on the other hand of ecological
sustainability (new sub-pillar
3.3, enriched with two indicators)
(Table 1c).
A good and ecologically friendly
communication, transport, and
energy infrastructure facilitates the
production and exchange of ideas,
services, and goods and feeds into the
innovation system through increased
productivity and efficiency, lower