The Global Innovation Index 2012

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148 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 8: A UNESCO Idea in Action our work—engaging young people at an early age, especially girls, and supporting their progress in pursuing careers in science and engineering. We back our work with by promoting evidence-based STI policy and we provide support to monitor progress in this area. Promoting long-term sustainable development is not an easy task. With the absence of STI in the Millennium Development Goals, our work is more challenging. It is time to give STI a central place on the global development agenda. UNESCO’s integrated policy approach on STI for sustainable development seeks to fill this gap. Notes 1 Mugabe, 2006. 2 De Marchi et al. 2001. 3 OECD, 2005. p. 46. 4 Seyfang et al. 2010. References Bergman, N., N. Markusson, P. Connor, L. Middlemiss, and M. Ricci. 2010. ’Bottom-Up, Social Innovation for Addressing Climate Change’. Paper presented at the conference on Energy Transitions in an Interdependent World: What and Where Are the Future Social Science Research Agendas? Brighton, UK, 25–26 February 2010. Calof, J., and J. Smith. 2010. ‘Towards a Forward Looking Insightful Policy: Combining Competitive Intelligence and Foresight’. myForesight 1 (1): 18-21. De Marchi B., S. Funtowicz, and Â. Guimarães Pereira. 2001. ‘From the Right To Be Informed to the Right To Participate: Responding to the Evolution of the European Legislation with ICT’. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 15 (1): 01–21. Etzkowitz, H. 2002. ‘The Triple Helix of University- Industry-Government Implication for Policy and Evaluation’. Working Paper. Science Policy Institute, Stockholm. Edquist, C. 2005. ‘Systems of Innovation: Perspectives and Challenges’. In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, 181–208. New York: Oxford University Press. Hillig, J. 2006. ‘Helping Hands, Guiding Principles: Science and Technology Policies’. In Sixty Years of Science at UNESCO 1945–2005, 434– 51. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. Lundvall, B.-Å., ed.1992. National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Pinter. Metcalfe, J. S. 2000. ‘Science, Technology and Innovation Policy in Developing Economies’. Paper prepared for the workshop on Enterprise Competitiveness and Public Policies, Barbados, 22–25 November 1999, revised following that presentation. ESRC Centre for Research on Innovation and Competition University Manchester. Metcalfe, S. and R. Ramlogan. 2008. ‘Innovation Systems and the Competitive Process in Developing Economies’. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 48: 433–46. Mugabe, J. 2006. ‘Regionalism and Science and Technology Development in Africa’. In, Science and Technology Policy for Development, Dialogues at the Interface, ed. L. Box and R. Engelhard, 37–54. London: Anthem Press. Nelson, R. R., ed. 1993. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. NEPAD (New Partnership for Africa’s Development). 2005. Africa’s Science and Technology Plan of Action. Available at http://www.nepadst.org/ doclibrary/pdfs/doc27_082005.pdf. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and Eurostat. 2005. Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting Innovation Data, 3rd edition. Paris: OECD. Seyfang, G., and A. Smith. 2006. ‘Community Action: A Neglected Site of Innovation for Sustainable Development?’ The Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment Working Paper, EDM. ———. 2007. ‘Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development: Towards a New Research and Policy Agenda’. Environmental Politics 16 (4): 584–603. Seyfang, G., A. Smith, and N. Longhurst. 2010. ‘Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development: A New Research Agenda’. Economic Sociology: European Electronic Newsletter 12 (1): 67–71. United Nations Economic and Social Council for Africa and African Union Commission, 2011. Promoting Science, Technology and Innovation for Development in Africa. Information Note: Meeting of the Committee of Experts of the 4th Joint Annual Meeting Addis Ababa, 24–27 March 2011.
cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Innovation, and Development roBert Shaw, ITu Bruno lanVin, INSEAD eLab; Broadband commission It is an interesting phenomenon that many inventions have been made two or more times by different inventors, each working without knowlede of the other’s research. —Ogburn and Thomas, 1922. Thus starts a delightful and fascinating 1922 paper entitled ‘Are Inventions Inevitable? A Note on Social Evolution’, authored by William F. Ogburn and Dorothy Thomas.1 In the subsequent pages, the authors cite case after case of the world’s most significant inventions that appear to have emerged independently and almost simultaneously, sometimes on completely different sides of the world. In the appendix, they offer a preliminary list of 148 such cases chosen from the fields of mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, physics, medicine, biology, psychology, and mechanics. And they assert that there are surely many more examples that could be found with additional research. On the basis of this evidence, the authors ask the obvious question: ‘What does this mean?’ They seek to develop tentative answers to the question of whether inventions are inevitable. They begin with a simple rhetorical question: if certain inventors had died in infancy, would somebody else not have shortly invented the same thing and overall human progress continued? Their conclusion is, of course, ‘Yes’. In other words, the numerous parallel occurrences of essentially the same invention suggest that it is not so much the genius of specific individuals that is important as the set of enabling knowledge and conditions at a period in time that enables an invention to emerge. To put it simply, nobody can invent the river steamboat without the prior invention of both boats and the steam engine. But once both exist, their combined emergence is not only likely, but also simply inevitable. A more recent and powerful example can be cited for the invention of the worldwide web. Dave Raggett of the World Wide Consortium, in his description of the history of the invention of the Web by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, starts with the observation: ‘The time was ripe for Tim’s invention’.2 He states: The fact that the Web was invented in the early 1990s was no coincidence. Developments in communications technology during that time meant that, sooner or later, something like the Web was bound to happen. For a start, hypertext was coming into vogue and being used on computers. Also, Internet users were gaining in the number of users on the system: there was an increasing audience for distributed information. Last, but not least, the new domain name system had made it much easier to address a machine on the Internet. Indeed, with hindsight, most innovations can be qualified as inevitable. Rare is the disruptive breakthrough that comes out of nowhere—most are incremental changes built on the underpinnings of other knowledge, technologies, or platforms. What is important for most innovations to occur is a set of enabling conditions that triggers somebody with the right knowledge 149 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 9: Broadband, Inevitable Innovation, and Development
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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