The Global Innovation Index 2012

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162 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 10: The Internet References Barlow, J. P. 1996. ‘A Cyberspace Independence Declaration.’ Memo, 9 February. Available at http://w2.eff.org/Censorship/Internet_ censorship_bills/barlow_0296.declaration. Bollier, D. 2003. The Rise of Netpolitik: How the Internet Is Changing International Politics and Diplomacy. A Report of the Eleventh Annual Aspen Institute Roundtable on Information Technology. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute. Available at http://www. ucm.es/info/sdrelint/ficheros_materiales/ materiales0415.pdf. Cooke, C. 2012. ‘The Anti-SOPA/PIPA Campaign and Social Media Strategy’, Gorkana Group posting, 31 January. Available at http:// www.gorkana.com/measurement-matters/ measurement-matters/pr-planning/theanti-sopapipa-campaign-and-social-mediastrategy/#.T8O1MsVqc5s. Creative Commons. n.d. Creative Commons: About. Available at http://creativecommons.org/ about. Crocker, D. 2009. ‘How the Internet Got Its Rules’. The New York Times, Op-Ed, 6 April. Available http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/07/ opinion/07crocker.html Genachowski, J. 2009. ‘Preserving a Free and Open Internet: A Platform for Innovation, Opportunity, and Prosperity.’ Prepared remarks of Chairman Julius Genachowski, Federal Communications Commission. The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 21 September. Available at http:// www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/ events/2009/0921_broadband_ communications/20090921_genachowski_ prepared.pdf. Google Take Action. ‘More About SOPA and PIPA.’ Available at https://www.google.com/ landing/takeaction/sopa-pipa/. IGF (Internet Governance Forum). 2011. ‘What Is the Internet Governance Forum?’ Nairobi, 27–30 September. Background Note Fact Sheet. Available at http://www.intgovforum.org/ cms/aboutigf. Knowledge@Wharton. 2009. ‘Top 30 Innovations of the Last 30 Years.’ Forbes.com. Available at http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/19/ innovation-internet-health-entrepreneurstechnology_wharton.html. Leiner, B. M., V. G. Cerf, D. D. Clark, R. E. Kahn, L. Kleinrock,D. C. Lynch, J. Postel, L. G. Roberts, and S. Wolff. 2012. ‘Brief History of the Internet.’ Internet Society: The Internet. Available at http://www.internetsociety.org/ internet/internet-51/history-internet/briefhistory-internet Manyika, J. and C. Roxburgh. 2011. The Great Transformer: The Impact of the Internet on Economic Growth and Prosperity. McKinsey Global Institute. Available at http://www. mckinsey.com/Insights/MGI/Research/ Technology_and_Innovation/The_great_ transformer. Marsan, C. D. 2011. ‘ISOC Panel Addresses Regulation, Innovation, and the Internet.’ IETF Journal 7 (2): 8–9. Published by the Internet Society in cooperation with the Internet Engineering Task Force. Available at http://www.internetsociety.org/articles/ isoc-panel-addresses-regulation-innovationand-internet. netCoalition.com. Stop SOPA/PIPA. Available at http://www.net-coalition.com/wp-content/ uploads/2011/12/Opposition_Dec16.pdf. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2008. ‘The Future of the Internet Economy’. OECD Policy Brief, June. Paris: OECD. Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyika, E. Hazan, J. Bughin, M. Chui, and R. Said. 2011. Internet Matters: The Net’s Sweeping Impact on Growth, Jobs, and Prosperity. McKinsey Global Institute. Available at http://www.mckinsey.com/ Insights/MGI/Research/Technology_and_ Innovation/Internet_matters. Research4Life. n.d. What Is Research4Life. Available at http://www.research4life.org/. Sachs, J. D. 2011. ‘The Millennium Villages and ICT for Development.’ ITU News No. 8. Available at https://itunews.itu.int/En/1683- The-Millennium-Villages-and-ICT-for- Development.note.aspx. Williamson, A. n.d. ‘Social Media and the New Arab Spring.’ Promoting Democracy, Strengthening Parliament. Hansard Society. Available at http://hansardsociety.org.uk/ blogs/edemocracy/archive/2011/04/19/ social-media-and-the-new-arab-spring.aspx.
cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creators Now: Measuring Creativity and Innovation in the Digital Economy DereK Slater and Patricia wruucK, Google In the wake of the recent financial crisis, economic recovery depends on contributions from everyone in society—everyone needs to be an innovator. The good news is that, increasingly, anyone can be an innovator—computers and the Internet are empowering more and more individuals and their communities, creating economic growth and jobs. If the Internet were a sector, it would be larger than agriculture and utilities in many economies today. From 2004 to 2009, the Internet contributed 15% to GDP growth in the United States of America (USA) and on average 21% in mature economies studied by McKinsey Global Institute.1 But innovation is not just about science and technology— it is about arts and culture as well. Technological development and the arts have always had a symbiotic relationship. For example, the videocassette recorder (VCR) led to new markets for movies and television, and computer animation was viewed as mainly a cute toy for artists until the animation film studio Pixar. Understanding the Internet-driven arts and entertainment boom Today, artists and entrepreneurs use the Internet to create fantastic new things. Just look at services such as iTunes and YouTube, which have launched careers and created entirely new markets that reach a huge audience. The Internet is democratizing innovation, empowering people to create, exchange, and implement new ideas, and to make those ideas available to people all around the world, with minimal barriers to entry. As a result, more music, video, written works, and other content are published now than ever before.2 And through a decade of economic and technological upheaval, the entertainment industry’s global revenue grew 50% while consumer spending also increased.3 The global music industry alone was valued at US$168 billion in 2010—up from US$132 billion just five years earlier4 —and, according to data from PricewaterhouseCoopers and IDATE, the value of the global entertainment industry increased from US$449 billion in 1998 to US$745 billion in 2010.5 That increase is significant not only because of its size but also because of how it was measured. Some of the rise is the result of video-gaming. Traditionally, videogaming would not have been considered to be part of the arts and entertainment sector, but definitions of ‘art’ are always evolving. Though this might have seemed bizarre only a short time ago, this year the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, DC hosted an exhibit on ‘the art of video games.’6 Thus, as video gaming has evolved, so too have measures of the arts and entertainment. Such measures need to evolve so that they can better account for the Internet’s economic and social contributions to creativity. If we want to measure and harness the full potential of the Internet for innovation, we need to get 21st-century metrics for creativity right. The Global Innovation Index (GII) has been a leader in this conversation. In its 2011 edition, the GII articulated the need to better measure creativity in the innovation process.7 This year the GII goes further, including a number of new data points and establishing a separate sub-pillar to measure digital creativity. In doing so, it contributes to an active debate centring on how to best account for creativity in the digital age. In this chapter, we ask—and attempt to answer—three questions: • Why do the arts matter to the 21st-century economy, and how does the Internet empower artists? • How can we better measure arts and entertainment in the digital economy? • How can public policy harness the Internet to empower artists and fans? We do not claim to have all the answers, nor do we claim to have quick fixes. Rather, we see this as a conversation that needs much more 163 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 11: We Are All Content Creators Now
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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