The Global Innovation Index 2012

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150 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 9: Broadband, Inevitable Innovation, and Development and skills to recognize (even serendipitously) an incremental step that can be taken at that moment in time. Along any evolutionary path, there are always set points where an underlying direction becomes clearer and trend signs get stronger. This chapter argues that we are entering an era of inevitable innovation enabled by information and communication technologies (ICTs). This will be the beneficial consequence of putting the knowledge, technologies, and platforms that ICTs bring into the reach of billions of new users, many of whom will come from developing countries. In turn, these users will produce many new innovations that will directly benefit and empower those in developing countries. To make this point and identify ways in which countries at various levels of development can best benefit from ICT-based innovation, we shall successively consider the following four areas: (1) the changing ICT landscape and the contribution of ICTs to innovation, (2) the advent of broadband as a platform for inevitable innovation, (3) how to maximize the innovation benefits of ICTs, and (4) what steps should be taken to trigger inevitable innovation. The changing ICT landscape What is happening in the global ICT landscape? What are the key trends over time and across economies? To answer these questions, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) gathers statistics as inputs into its ICT Development Index (IDI), a composite index combining 11 indicators into a single benchmark measure to monitor and compare developments in ICTs across countries. Elements of the IDI (ICT access and use) are used as inputs into the Global Innovation Index. Data gathered for the IDI show that, over the past 10 years, we have witnessed an extraordinary transition. We have moved from a world where most people did not have access to even basic telecommunications to one with over 6 billion mobile subscriptions and an estimated 2.4 billion people using the Internet at the end of 2011.3 Figure 1 demonstrates that the most successful technology by a wide margin is mobile, with subscription numbers reaching 87% of the world’s population at the end of 2011. The figure also shows that about 35% of the world population is using the Internet. This compares with penetration rates of 17% for mobilebroadband subscriptions, 16.6% for fixed-telephone lines, and 8.5% for wired-broadband subscriptions. To fully appreciate the implications of these numbers and their predicted impact on innovation, it is helpful to drill down further into the nature and extent of Internet and mobile penetration around the globe. The nature of the Internet as an enabling platform for innovation Figure 2 shows that the Internet has seen its number of users more than double over the past five years to about 2.4 billion users worldwide at the end of 2011. Growth rates in developing countries are high, with absolute numbers driven by large countries such as Brazil, China, India, Nigeria, and the Russian Federation. In developed countries, around 74% of the population is online, but this figure drops to 26% in developing countries. Globally, at the end of 2011, roughly 35% of the world’s population was online—up from 12% in 2003 and 6% in 2000. Although the Internet entered the public domain only 20 years ago, the inhabitants of the developed world can take for granted the enormous benefits that it has brought. The Internet has been an extraordinary enabling platform that has facilitated numerous innovations, from e-banking to social media, online travel booking to e-government, free telephony to instant messaging—the changes it has brought to the way we work and play are immense. This has largely been possible because it is an open platform on top of which anyone can build a new service or application. However, it is sobering to realize that 65% of the world’s population (and 74% in developing countries) is not yet using the Internet. Clearly much work needs to be done to make the benefits of the Internet more broadly available on a global scale. For the majority of the world population, the true ICT revolution has not been the Internet, but rather mobile telephony Although ICTs have conquered the globe and brought basic communications within reach of almost everyone, the most prevalent technology, particularly in developing countries, is mobile. In many countries, mobile telephony growth has appeared to reach saturation levels, recording penetration rates of over 100%. In fact, more than 90 countries have a larger number of mobile subscriptions than their population. This ‘mobile miracle’ has occurred against the backdrop of the ongoing decline, which began in 2005, of fixed telephony lines—which now represents only a 16.6% penetration rate of the global population (see Figure 1). The contribution of ICTs to innovation Generally, the contribution of the ICTs to innovation can be seen in at least three domains:
Figure 1: Global ICT developments, penetration (2000–11) Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 100 80 60 40 20 0 2001 Source: ITU World Telecommunication / ICT Indicators database. * Estimate. Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions Internet users fixed telephone lines Active, mobile broadband subscriptions fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions 2002 2003 2004 Figure 2: Global Internet growth, penetration (2000–11) Internet users per 100 inhabitants 100 80 60 40 20 0 2001 Developed countries World Developing countries 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 Source: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database. Note: The developed/developing country classifications are base on the UN M.49 (the standard used by the United Nations for statistical purposes); see http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/definitions/regions/index.html. * Estimate. 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011* 2011* 151 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 9: Broadband, Inevitable Innovation, and Development
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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Page 195: Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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