The Global Innovation Index 2012

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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 III: Sources and Definitions 4.3.2 Market access for non-agricultural exports Non-agricultural market access: five major export markets weighted actual applied tariff (%) | 2009 Part B of Section II Country Tables of the World Tariff Profiles (WTP) covers, among others, the market access conditions in the five major export markets for each country, broken down into agricultural (AG) and non-agricultural products (NAMA), following the classification included in Annex 1 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (by Harmonized System codes). The weighted actual applied tariff in each export market (c) is calculated as the difference between (a) the trade-weighted average most-favoured nation (MFN) duty and (b) the preference margin, defined as the trade-weighted average difference between the MFN duty and the lowest preferential duty. Statistics (a) and (b) for AG and NAMA are published in the World Tariff Profiles and are used to calculate (c). To get a single value by country, the actual applied tariffs for each of the five export markets were weighted by total imports for non-agricultural exports. For EU countries, the extra-EU data are included for the entire bloc. These statistics are calculated from the imports data reported by the importing country (mirror exports data) and the tariff applied when these imports come into the country; that is, MFN, preferential or general (for non-WTO members). In each WTP issue, the list of major markets depends on the availability of imports data; to increase data coverage, the latest available data for two reference years are used. The reference years for each partner can be consulted in the WTP (if the same year is used in different WTP editions, data will differ if revisions were made). Applied tariffs and imports are sourced from submissions made to the WTO Integrated Data Base (IDB). Preferences are sourced from the IDB and supplemented by ITC data. The ITC also calculates all non-available ad-valorem equivalents (AVEs) for MFN and non-MFN non–ad valorem duties (base years for imports change every issue). When information on preferential tariff regimes is missing, MFN treatment is assumed (it is also assumed that a country avails itself of preferential tariffs, even if the exporter chooses not to for whatever reason— such as the more onerous prerequisites attached to the preferential tariff). Source: World Trade Organization (WTO), International Trade Centre (ITC), and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Tariff Profiles 2011 and 2008 (2008–09). (http://stat.wto.org/TariffProfile/ WSDBTariffPFHome.aspx?Language=E) 4.3.3 Imports of goods and services Imports of goods and services (% of GDp) a | 2010 The value of all goods and other market services imported from the rest of the world. Imports includes the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. It excludes exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called ‘factor services’) and transfer payments. Source: World Bank and OECD, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2003–10). (http://data.worldbank.org/) 4.3.4 Exports of goods and services Exports of goods and services (% of GDp) a | 2010 The value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. Exports include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called ‘factor services’) and transfer payments. Source: World Bank and OECD, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2003–10). (http://data.worldbank.org/) 4.3.5 Intensity of local competition Average answer to the question: How would you assess the intensity of competition in the local markets in your country? 1 = limited in most industries; 7 = intense in most industries† | 2011 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2010–2011. (https://wefsurvey. org)
5 Business sophistication 5.1 Knowledge workers 5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-intensive services Employment in knowledge-intensive services (% of workforce) | 2008 Sum of people in categories 0 to 3 as a percentage of total people employed, according to ISCO-1968, ISCO-88, and NSCO (excluding 0 Armed forces in ISCO- 88). Categories included: ISCO-1968: 0/1 Professional, technical and related workers, 2 Administrative and managerial workers, 3 Clerical and related workers. ISCO-88: 1 Legislators, senior officials and managers, 2 Professionals, 3 Technicians and associate professionals. Source: International Labour Organization, LABORSTA Database of Labour Statistics (2001–08). (http://laborsta.ilo.org/) 5.1.2 Firms offering formal training firms offering formal training (% of firms) | 2009 The percentage of firms offering formal training programmes for their permanent, full-time employees. Source: International Finance Corporation and World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, World Bank World Development Indicators database (2002–10). (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/; http://data.worldbank.org/) 5.1.3 GERD performed by business enterprise GErD: performed by business enterprise (% of total) a | 2009 Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS online database (2002–10). (http://stats.uis. unesco.org) 5.1.4 GERD financed by business enterprise GErD: financed by business enterprise (% of total) a | 2009 Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D financed by business enterprise. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS online database (2001–10). (http://stats.uis. unesco.org) 5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean score at the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) by residency and by citizenship (weighted by the total numbers of test takers) a | 2011 Mean scores at the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) by residency and by citizenship, weighted by total number of residents and citizens taking the test, respectively. The GMAT is a standardized test aimed at measuring aptitude to succeed academically in graduate business studies. It is an important part of the admissions process for nearly 5,300 graduate management programs in approximately 2,000 business schools worldwide. The GMAT exam consists of three sections: Verbal, Quantitative, and Analytical Writing. GMAT total scores are calculated based on performance in the Verbal and Quantitative sections of the exam only. Scores are reported in increments of 10, on a scale ranging from 200 to 800. Mean score data for groups with fewer than 5 GMAT exams taken are not released and therefore not considered. Source: Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC). (www.gmac.com/research) 5.1.6 GMAT test takers Number of test takers of the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) by citizenship (scaled by million population 20–34 years old) a | 2011 Total number of test takers of the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) by citizenship, scaled by population 20–34 years old (if for a given country/economy the data for citizens do not exist, the data for residents are given instead). Refer to indicator 5.1.5 for details. Source: Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC). (www.gmac.com/research) 5.2 Innovation linkages 5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration Average answer to the survey question: To what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (r&D) in your country? 1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively† | 2011 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2010–2011. (https://wefsurvey. org) 5.2.2 State of cluster development Mean of the average responses to three survey questions on the role of clusters in the economy. ‘clusters’ are defined as geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field (e.g., financial services in New york, leather and footwear in Italy, consumer electronics in Japan). The questions are: (1) In your country’s economy, how prevalent are well-developed and deep clusters? 1 = nonexistent; 7 = widespread in many fields. (2) In your country, how extensive is collaboration among firms, suppliers, partners, and associated institutions within clusters? 1 = collaboration is nonexistent; 7 = collaboration is extensive. (3) In your country, what is the state of formal policies supporting cluster development? 1 = nonexistent; 7 = extensive and covers many clusters and regions† | 2011 Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2010–2011. (https://wefsurvey. org) 5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GErD: financed by abroad (% of total) | 2009 Percentage of gross expenditure on R&D financed by abroad, i.e., with foreign financing. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS online database (2002–10). (http://stats.uis. unesco.org) 5.2.4 Joint venture / strategic alliance deals Joint ventures / strategic alliances: Number of deals, fractional counting (per trillion ppp$ GDp) a | 2011 Thomson Reuters data on joint ventures / strategic alliances deals, per deal, with details on, among others, the country of origin of partner firms. The series corresponds to a query on joint ventures/ strategic alliances deals from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011, for a total of 3,007 deals announced. Each participating nation of each company in a deal (n countries per deal) gets, per deal, a score equivalent to 1/n (with the effect that all country scores add up to 3,007). The data are reported per trillion PPP$ GDP. Source: Thomson Reuters, Thomson One Banker Private Equity, SDC Platinum database; World Bank and OECD GDP estimates, World Bank World Development Indicators database. (http://banker.thomsonib.com; http://data. worldbank.org/) 419 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 III: Sources and Definitions
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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Figure 1: Innovation policy framewo
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which is good. However, the role of
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Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
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Figure 4: Conceptual framework for
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Box 2: Saudi Arabia: Linking innova
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cHApTEr 6 The Russian Federation: A
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Figure 2: Expenditure on technologi
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in pharmaceuticals, computers, tele
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financial sustainability, and the v
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ex-territorial innovation centre wi
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cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
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Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
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is around 8%—very low, even compa
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culture, environment, and economy.1
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13 See the Department of Biotechnol
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cHApTEr 8 An Integrated Policy Appr
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institutions in developing countrie
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egan to publish monographs on STI p
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cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
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Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
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Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
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Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
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cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
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egularly update their pages and sha
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Google’s anti-SOPA page, resultin
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cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
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Table 1: Models of creative industr
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than any single major recording lab
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Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 II
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
Page 389 and 390: 4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
Page 391 and 392: 5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
Page 393 and 394: 5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
Page 395 and 396: 5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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Page 411 and 412: 6.2.2 New business density New busi
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Page 415 and 416: 6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
Page 417 and 418: 6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
Page 419 and 420: 7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
Page 421 and 422: 7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
Page 423 and 424: 7.2.2 National feature films produc
Page 425 and 426: 7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
Page 427 and 428: 7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
Page 429 and 430: 7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
Page 431: Sources and Definitions III
Page 434 and 435: 412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
Page 436 and 437: 414 2 Human capital and research TH
Page 438 and 439: 416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
Page 442 and 443: 420 5 Business sophistication (cont
Page 444 and 445: 422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
Page 446 and 447: 424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
Page 449: Technical Notes IV
Page 452 and 453: 430 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 201
Page 455: About the Authors V
Page 462: 440 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 201
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The Global Innovation Index 2012

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