The Global Innovation Index 2012

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272 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 I: Country/Economy Profiles Nigeria Key indicators population (millions) ................................................................................ 160.3 GDp per capita, ppp$ ............................................................................. 2,589.0 GDp (uS$ billions) ..................................................................................... 247.1 Score (0–100) or value (hard data) rank Global Innovation Index 2012 (out of 141)......................... 24.6 123 Innovation Output Sub-Index ........................................................................................... 23.1 102 Innovation Input Sub-Index .............................................................................................. 26.1 134 Innovation Efficiency Index ................................................................................................. 0.9 17 l Global Innovation Index 2011 (out of 125) .............................................................................. 96 GII 2012 rank among GII 2011 economies (125) ...................................................................... 113 1 Institutions ....................................................39.3 120 1.1 Political environment ............................................................26.9 135 1.1.1 Political stability*....................................................................................15.9 138 1.1.2 Government effectiveness* ...............................................................9.6 137 1.1.3 Press freedom* ........................................................................................55.1 101 1.2 Regulatory environment .......................................................53.8 105 1.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................31.9 123 1.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................15.8 133 1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ........................16.2 75 1.3 Business environment ...........................................................37.3 98 1.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................36.6 89 1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................32.3 95 1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................43.1 80 2 Human capital & research ..........................12.7 139 2.1 Education ..................................................................................18.3 140 2.1.1 Current expenditure on education, % GNI ..............................0.9 138 2.1.2 Public expenditure/pupil, % GDP/cap .......................................n/a n/a 2.1.3 School life expectancy, years ............................................................9.0 123 2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science ..................................n/a n/a 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ......................................................33.1 125 2.2 Tertiary education .................................................................... 5.5 134 2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................10.3 104 2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ....................................n/a n/a 2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % ............................................................n/a n/a 2.2.4 Gross tertiary outbound enrolment, % ......................................0.2 122 2.3 Research & development (R&D) ..........................................14.3 109 2.3.1 Researchers, headcounts/mn pop. .........................................119.9 97 2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................0.2 81 2.3.3 Quality of scientific research institutions† ............................37.3 89 3 Infrastructure................................................16.8 134 3.1 Information & communication technologies (ICT) ........17.5 111 3.1.1 ICT access* .................................................................................................18.7 124 3.1.2 ICT use* .......................................................................................................10.5 89 3.1.3 Government’s online service* .......................................................22.2 129 3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................18.4 71 3.2 General infrastructure ...........................................................18.1 139 3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap .........................................................130.2 118 3.2.2 Electricity consumption, kWh/cap ..........................................120.3 118 3.2.3 Quality of trade & transport infrastructure* .........................35.8 81 3.2.4 Gross capital formation, % GDP .....................................................n/a n/a 3.3 Ecological sustainability .......................................................15.0 122 3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2000 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................1.7 120 3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................40.1 113 3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........0.1 127 4 Market sophistication .................................34.0 91 4.1 Credit .........................................................................................15.7 106 4.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................38.7 72 4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................29.4 95 4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP ..................................................0.0 73 4.2 Investment ................................................................................28.5 61 l 4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................58.2 48 l 4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................26.3 66 4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP .............................................2.7 62 4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP .............................................12.0 43 l 4.3 Trade & competition ..............................................................57.8 96 4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % .....................................10.6 127 4.3.2 Non-agricultural mkt access weighted tariff, % ....................0.0 13 l 4.3.3 Imports of goods & services, % GDP ........................................26.6 121 4.3.4 Exports of goods & services, % GDP .........................................39.4 66 l 4.3.5 Intensity of local competition† ....................................................62.7 69 5 Business sophistication ..............................27.5 129 5.1 Knowledge workers ................................................................27.2 123 5.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ......................................n/a n/a 5.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ....................................25.7 74 5.1.3 R&D performed by business, % ......................................................n/a n/a 5.1.4 R&D financed by business, % ...........................................................0.2 89 5.1.5 GMAT mean score ..............................................................................434.8 112 5.1.6 GMAT test takers/mn pop. 20–34 ...............................................37.5 95 5.2 Innovation linkages ...............................................................25.3 123 5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................35.7 105 5.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................48.3 41 l 5.2.3 R&D financed by abroad, % ...............................................................1.0 82 5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP ....................................8.8 92 5.2.5 PCT patent filings with foreign inventor, % ............................n/a n/a 5.3 Knowledge absorption ..........................................................30.1 95 5.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments/th GDP ..................................1.1 70 5.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % .........................................7.4 78 5.3.3 Computer & comm. service imports, % ..................................30.0 67 5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................3.1 57 l 6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........16.4 127 6.1 Knowledge creation ................................................................. 9.4 113 6.1.1 Domestic resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP ..........................n/a n/a 6.1.2 PCT resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP ........................................0.0 107 6.1.3 Domestic res utility model ap/bn PPP$ GDP ........................n/a n/a 6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP ............................1.3 101 6.2 Knowledge impact .................................................................22.1 112 6.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................4.9 22 l 6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................0.8 69 6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.0 72 6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................0.1 139 6.3 Knowledge diffusion ..............................................................17.8 111 6.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts/th GDP......................................n/a n/a 6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, %...........................................0.1 112 6.3.3 Computer & comm. service exports, % .....................................2.9 131 6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................0.5 57 l 7 Creative outputs ..........................................29.7 76 7.1 Creative intangibles ...............................................................50.9 24 l 7.1.1 Domestic res trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP ............................n/a n/a 7.1.2 Madrid resident trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP ......................n/a n/a 7.1.3 ICT & business model creation† ..................................................54.0 59 l 7.1.4 ICT & organizational model creation† .....................................47.8 69 7.2 Creative goods & services .....................................................16.1 82 7.2.1 Recreation & culture consumption, % ........................................2.1 81 7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69.....................................11.6 8 l 7.2.3 Paid-for dailies, circulation/th pop. 15–69 ................................5.6 121 7.2.4 Creative goods exports, % ..................................................................0.0 127 7.2.5 Creative services exports, % .............................................................n/a n/a 7.3 Online creativity ........................................................................ 1.0 140 7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ...............0.3 119 7.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ...............................................0.2 135 7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits/mn pop. 15–69 .................................8.6 125 7.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 ....................................3.3 138
Key indicators population (millions) .................................................................................... 5.0 GDp per capita, ppp$ ........................................................................... 53,376.2 GDp (uS$ billions) ..................................................................................... 479.3 Score (0–100) or value (hard data) rank Global Innovation Index 2012 (out of 141)......................... 56.4 14 Innovation Output Sub-Index ........................................................................................... 48.8 17 Innovation Input Sub-Index .............................................................................................. 64.0 11 Innovation Efficiency Index ................................................................................................. 0.8 58 Global Innovation Index 2011 (out of 125) .............................................................................. 18 GII 2012 rank among GII 2011 economies (125) ...................................................................... 14 1 Institutions ....................................................93.0 5 1.1 Political environment ............................................................94.8 3 l 1.1.1 Political stability*....................................................................................96.4 3 l 1.1.2 Government effectiveness* ............................................................88.1 10 1.1.3 Press freedom* .....................................................................................100.0 1 l 1.2 Regulatory environment .......................................................96.4 10 1.2.1 Regulatory quality* ..............................................................................89.3 16 1.2.2 Rule of law* ...............................................................................................98.8 3 l 1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal, salary weeks ...........................8.7 23 1.3 Business environment ...........................................................87.7 9 1.3.1 Ease of starting a business* ............................................................79.8 28 1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency* ........................................................97.8 4 1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes* ..........................................................................85.6 21 2 Human capital & research ..........................56.1 13 2.1 Education ..................................................................................63.8 21 2.1.1 Current expenditure on education, % GNI ..............................6.2 15 2.1.2 Public expenditure/pupil, % GDP/cap .....................................25.1 25 2.1.3 School life expectancy, years .........................................................17.3 5 2.1.4 PISA scales in reading, maths, & science .............................500.4 17 2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary ........................................................n/a n/a 2.2 Tertiary education ..................................................................47.0 28 2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment, % gross ............................................................73.8 15 2.2.2 Graduates in science & engineering, % ..................................15.2 75 2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility, % .............................................................8.0 19 2.2.4 Gross tertiary outbound enrolment, % ......................................4.1 17 2.3 Research & development (R&D) ..........................................57.6 13 2.3.1 Researchers, headcounts/mn pop. ..................................... 9,237.4 3 l 2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D, % GDP ...............................................1.8 20 2.3.3 Quality of scientific research institutions† ............................62.1 27 3 Infrastructure................................................64.3 2 l 3.1 Information & communication technologies (ICT) ........74.7 12 3.1.1 ICT access* .................................................................................................78.8 12 3.1.2 ICT use* .......................................................................................................66.0 7 3.1.3 Government’s online service* .......................................................85.6 13 3.1.4 E-participation*.......................................................................................68.4 15 3.2 General infrastructure ...........................................................74.8 1 l 3.2.1 Electricity output, kWh/cap .................................................. 25,275.9 1 l 3.2.2 Electricity consumption, kWh/cap ................................... 25,181.1 1 l 3.2.3 Quality of trade & transport infrastructure* .........................80.5 3 3.2.4 Gross capital formation, % GDP ...................................................21.3 81 3.3 Ecological sustainability .......................................................43.5 31 3.3.1 GDP/unit of energy use, 2000 PPP$/kg oil eq .......................6.1 51 3.3.2 Environmental performance*........................................................69.9 3 l 3.3.3 ISO 14001 environmental certificates/bn PPP$ GDP ........3.4 26 4 Market sophistication .................................57.5 19 4.1 Credit .........................................................................................43.3 38 4.1.1 Ease of getting credit* .......................................................................57.7 43 4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector, % GDP .............................87.0 39 4.1.3 Microfinance gross loans, % GDP .................................................n/a n/a Norway 4.2 Investment ................................................................................56.9 12 4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors* .........................................................82.0 20 4.2.2 Market capitalization, % GDP.........................................................60.5 37 4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded, % GDP ..........................................52.4 21 4.2.4 Venture capital deals/tr PPP$ GDP ..........................................188.8 7 4.3 Trade & competition ..............................................................72.3 18 4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean, % ........................................0.4 5 4.3.2 Non-agricultural mkt access weighted tariff, % ....................0.4 51 4.3.3 Imports of goods & services, % GDP ........................................28.6 110 4.3.4 Exports of goods & services, % GDP .........................................41.9 57 4.3.5 Intensity of local competition† ....................................................73.0 30 5 Business sophistication ..............................49.3 31 5.1 Knowledge workers ................................................................70.8 22 5.1.1 Knowledge-intensive employment, % ....................................43.5 8 5.1.2 Firms offering formal training, % firms ......................................n/a n/a 5.1.3 R&D performed by business, % ....................................................52.6 30 5.1.4 R&D financed by business, % ........................................................45.3 31 5.1.5 GMAT mean score ..............................................................................512.4 67 5.1.6 GMAT test takers/mn pop. 20–34 ............................................292.0 19 5.2 Innovation linkages ...............................................................40.6 53 5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration† ........................63.1 21 5.2.2 State of cluster development† .....................................................58.6 22 5.2.3 R&D financed by abroad, % ...............................................................8.3 41 5.2.4 JV–strategic alliance deals/tr PPP$ GDP .................................49.0 27 5.2.5 PCT patent filings with foreign inventor, % ..........................21.1 75 5.3 Knowledge absorption ..........................................................36.4 63 5.3.1 Royalty & license fees payments/th GDP ..................................1.3 63 5.3.2 High-tech imports less re-imports, % ......................................12.0 32 5.3.3 Computer & comm. service imports, % ..................................36.6 46 5.3.4 FDI net inflows, % GDP .........................................................................2.8 63 6 Knowledge & technology outputs ...........42.1 26 6.1 Knowledge creation ...............................................................55.7 17 6.1.1 Domestic resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP ...........................6.4 31 6.1.2 PCT resident patent ap/bn PPP$ GDP ........................................2.7 16 6.1.3 Domestic res utility model ap/bn PPP$ GDP ........................n/a n/a 6.1.4 Scientific & technical articles/bn PPP$ GDP .........................17.7 15 6.2 Knowledge impact .................................................................37.1 53 6.2.1 Growth rate of PPP$ GDP/worker, % ...........................................0.4 100 6.2.2 New businesses/th pop. 15–64 .......................................................4.5 21 6.2.3 Computer software spending, % GDP ........................................0.6 18 6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates/bn PPP$ GDP .............................7.4 56 6.3 Knowledge diffusion ..............................................................33.4 46 6.3.1 Royalty & license fees receipts/th GDP.......................................1.2 29 6.3.2 High-tech exports less re-exports, %...........................................3.8 48 6.3.3 Computer & comm. service exports, % ..................................44.1 32 6.3.4 FDI net outflows, % GDP .....................................................................3.0 19 7 Creative outputs ..........................................55.5 5 7.1 Creative intangibles ...............................................................45.4 47 7.1.1 Domestic res trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP ..........................48.0 35 7.1.2 Madrid resident trademark reg/bn PPP$ GDP .......................1.3 16 7.1.3 ICT & business model creation† ..................................................74.1 5 7.1.4 ICT & organizational model creation† .....................................58.4 30 7.2 Creative goods & services .....................................................53.2 6 7.2.1 Recreation & culture consumption, % .....................................13.6 1 l 7.2.2 National feature films/mn pop. 15–69........................................6.9 14 7.2.3 Paid-for dailies, circulation/th pop. 15–69 ..........................604.2 1 l 7.2.4 Creative goods exports, % ..................................................................0.2 104 7.2.5 Creative services exports, % ...........................................................11.4 16 7.3 Online creativity ......................................................................78.0 3 l 7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (TLDs)/th pop. 15–69 ............74.5 10 7.3.2 Country-code TLDs/th pop. 15–69 ............................................70.9 13 7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits/mn pop. 15–69 .................... 17,624.9 3 l 7.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube/pop. 15–69 .................................77.1 11 273 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012 I: Country/Economy Profiles
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The Global Innovation Index 2012 St
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The Global Innovation Index 2012: S
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iv THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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vi THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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Foreword The Coherence Premium in I
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cONTrIBuTOrS Contributors to the Re
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Rankings
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Global Innovation Index rankings (c
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cHApTEr 1 The Global Innovation Ind
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The GII helps to create an environm
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4. The Innovation Efficiency Index
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Table 1: Global Innovation Index ra
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Table 2: Innovation Input Sub-Index
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Table 3: Innovation Output Sub-Inde
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Box 1: A spotlight on the United St
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Figure 2: Innovation Output Sub-Ind
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Malta is ranked 16th in the GII 201
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Figure 3: Global Innovation Index v
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Table 5a: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 4: GII scores v. GDP per cap
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Table 5c: Innovation Efficiency Ind
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Figure 5: Average scores for select
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performances on key indicators and
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pillars, however, place it among th
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eflect the situation of the countri
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PPP$ 3,354.8 Viet Nam has a very go
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6. Northern America continues to be
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Freeman, C., and L. Soete. 2007.
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44 THE GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX 2012
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cHApTEr 3 Academia-Industry Innovat
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Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia,
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Figure 2: Intermediary university-i
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the best combinations of foreign te
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cHApTEr 5 The Role of Coherent Link
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Figure 1: Innovation policy framewo
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which is good. However, the role of
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Box 1: Strengthening the innovation
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Figure 4: Conceptual framework for
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Box 2: Saudi Arabia: Linking innova
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cHApTEr 6 The Russian Federation: A
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Figure 2: Expenditure on technologi
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in pharmaceuticals, computers, tele
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financial sustainability, and the v
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ex-territorial innovation centre wi
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cHApTEr 7 Shaping the National Inno
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Table 1: Idea-to-market curve 1. po
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is around 8%—very low, even compa
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culture, environment, and economy.1
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13 See the Department of Biotechnol
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cHApTEr 8 An Integrated Policy Appr
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institutions in developing countrie
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egan to publish monographs on STI p
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cHApTEr 9 Broadband, Inevitable Inn
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Figure 1: Global ICT developments,
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Figure 3: Global fixed and mobile b
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Figure 4: Evolution of ICT-innovati
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cHApTEr 10 The Internet: An Unprece
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egularly update their pages and sha
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Google’s anti-SOPA page, resultin
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cHApTEr 11 We Are All Content Creat
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Table 1: Models of creative industr
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than any single major recording lab
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Pélissié du Rausas, M., J. Manyik
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Country/Economy Profiles I
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Index of Data Tables 1 Institutions
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1.1.1 Political stability and absen
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1.1.3 Press freedom Press freedom i
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1.2.2 Rule of law Rule of law index
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1.3.1 Ease of starting a business E
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1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes Ease of
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2.1.2 Public expenditure on educati
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2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathem
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2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment School enr
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2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility Ter
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2.3.1 Researchers Researchers, head
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2.3.3 Quality of scientific researc
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3.1.2 ICT use ICT use index* | 2010
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3.1.4 Online e-participation E-part
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3.2.2 Electricity consumption Elect
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3.2.4 Gross capital formation Gross
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3.3.2 Environmental performance Env
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4.1.1 Ease of getting credit Ease o
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4.1.3 Microfinance institutions’
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4.2.2 Market capitalization Market
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4.2.4 Venture capital deals Venture
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4.3.2 Market access for non-agricul
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4.3.4 Exports of goods and services
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5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-inten
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5.1.3 GERD performed by business en
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5.1.5 GMAT mean score Weighted mean
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5.2.1 University/industry research
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5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad GERD:
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5.2.5 Share of patents with foreign
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5.3.2 High-tech imports High-tech n
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5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty app
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6.1.4 Scientific and technical jour
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6.2.2 New business density New busi
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6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
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6.3.2 High-tech exports High-tech n
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6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net
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7.1.2 Madrid Agreement trademark re
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7.1.4 ICT and organizational models
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7.2.2 National feature films produc
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7.2.4 Creative goods exports Creati
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7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gT
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7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits Wikip
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Sources and Definitions III
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412 1 Institutions THE GLOBAL INNOV
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414 2 Human capital and research TH
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416 3 Infrastructure (continued) TH
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418 4 Market sophistication THE GLO
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420 5 Business sophistication (cont
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422 6 Knowledge and technology outp
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424 7 Creative outputs (continued)
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Technical Notes IV
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About the Authors V
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